World J Mens Health.  2013 Dec;31(3):232-238.

The Association between Type of Work and Insulin Resistance and the Metabolic Syndrome in Middle-Aged Korean Men: Results from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV (2007~2009)

• Kwon CS
• Lee JH

Abstract

PURPOSE
Type of work might be related to insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, scant data are available. We performed this study to investigate whether the prevalence of MetS and insulin resistance differed according to occupation in middle-aged men.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In all, 2,348 men in their 40s~50s who had participated in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV were included and were classified into two groups according to the type of work (manual worker vs. non-manual worker). Diagnosis of MetS required satisfying three or more of the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Fasting insulin, the glucose/insulin ratio (G/I ratio), and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were used to estimate the insulin resistance. We used the Mann-Whitney test, chi2 tests, multiple linear regression test, and logistic regression analyses to examine the relationships.
RESULTS
Age was significantly higher in the manual worker group. Body mass index was significantly lower in the manual worker group. Rates of current smoking and frequent drinking were higher in the manual worker group. In terms of surrogate markers of insulin resistance, the age-adjusted mean of fasting insulin, G/I ratio, and HOMA-IR indicated that lower insulin resistance was significantly related to manual work. After adjusting for age and other confounding factors, non-manual workers had a higher risk of the MetS than manual workers. The odds ratio in relation to MetS was significantly lower in the manual workers.
CONCLUSIONS
MetS and impaired insulin resistance are significantly related to non-manual work in middle-aged Korean men.

Keyword

Insulin resistance; Metabolic syndrome; Occupations

MeSH Terms

Biomarkers
Body Mass Index
Cholesterol
Diagnosis
Drinking
Education
Fasting
Homeostasis
Humans
Insulin Resistance*
Insulin*
Linear Models
Logistic Models
Male
Nutrition Surveys*
Occupations
Odds Ratio
Prevalence
Smoke
Smoking
Cholesterol
Insulin
Smoke

Figure

• 

  Fig. 1 Study flow diagram. KNHANES IV: the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV, MetS: metabolic syndrome.

Reference

1. Yamaoka K, Tango T. Effects of lifestyle modification on metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2012; 10:138.

2. Hamaguchi M, Kojima T, Ohbora A, Takeda N, Fukui M, Kato T. Protective effect of alcohol consumption for fatty liver but not metabolic syndrome. World J Gastroenterol. 2012; 18:156–167.

3. Park YW, Min SK, Lee JH. Relationship between lower urinary tract symptoms/benign prostatic hyperplasia and metabolic syndrome in Korean men. World J Mens Health. 2012; 30:183–188.

4. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA, et al. American Heart Association. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation. 2005; 112:2735–2752.

5. Singh B, Saxena A. Surrogate markers of insulin resistance: a review. World J Diabetes. 2010; 1:36–47.

6. Sánchez-Chaparro MA, Calvo-Bonacho E, González-Quintela A, Fernández-Labandera C, Cabrera M, Sáinz JC, et al. Ibermutuamur Cardiovascular Risk Assessment (ICARIA) Study Group. Occupation-related differences in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care. 2008; 31:1884–1885.

7. Myong JP, Kim HR, Jung-Choi K, Baker D, Choi B. Disparities of metabolic syndrome prevalence by age, gender and occupation among Korean adult workers. Ind Health. 2012; 50:115–122.

8. Grundy SM, Brewer HB Jr, Cleeman JI, Smith SC Jr, Lenfant C; American Heart Association; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Definition of metabolic syndrome: Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Circulation. 2004; 109:433–438.

9. Olefsky JM, Saltiel AR. PPAR gamma and the treatment of insulin resistance. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2000; 11:362–368.

10. American Diabetes Association. Consensus Development Conference on Insulin Resistance. 5-6 November 1997. Diabetes Care. 1998; 21:310–314.

11. Slama M, Susic D, Frohlich ED. Prevention of hypertension. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2002; 17:531–536.

12. Baik I, Shin C. Prospective study of alcohol consumption and metabolic syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008; 87:1455–1463.

13. Yokoyama H, Hiroshi H, Ohgo H, Hibi T, Saito I. Effects of excessive ethanol consumption on the diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome using its clinical diagnostic criteria. Intern Med. 2007; 46:1345–1352.

14. Rosell M, De Faire U, Hellénius ML. Low prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in wine drinkers--is it the alcohol beverage or the lifestyle. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003; 57:227–234.

15. Gigleux I, Gagnon J, St-Pierre A, Cantin B, Dagenais GR, Meyer F, et al. Moderate alcohol consumption is more cardioprotective in men with the metabolic syndrome. J Nutr. 2006; 136:3027–3032.

16. Djoussé L, Arnett DK, Eckfeldt JH, Province MA, Singer MR, Ellison RC. Alcohol consumption and metabolic syndrome: does the type of beverage matter? Obes Res. 2004; 12:1375–1385.

17. Freiberg MS, Cabral HJ, Heeren TC, Vasan RS, Curtis Ellison R. Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Alcohol consumption and the prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome in the US.: a cross-sectional analysis of data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Diabetes Care. 2004; 27:2954–2959.

18. Nakanishi N, Takatorige T, Suzuki K. Cigarette smoking and the risk of the metabolic syndrome in middle-aged Japanese male office workers. Ind Health. 2005; 43:295–301.

19. Miyatake N, Wada J, Kawasaki Y, Nishii K, Makino H, Numata T. Relationship between metabolic syndrome and cigarette smoking in the Japanese population. Intern Med. 2006; 45:1039–1043.

20. Geslain-Biquez C, Vol S, Tichet J, Caradec A, D'Hour A, Balkau B. D.E.S.I.R. Study Group. The metabolic syndrome in smokers. The D.E.S.I.R. study. Diabetes Metab. 2003; 29:226–234.

21. Cena H, Fonte ML, Turconi G. Relationship between smoking and metabolic syndrome. Nutr Rev. 2011; 69:745–753.