Endocrinol Metab.  2016 Mar;31(1):1-6. 10.3803/EnM.2016.31.1.1.

The Impact of Organokines on Insulin Resistance, Inflammation, and Atherosclerosis

Affiliations
  • 1Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. medica7@gmail.com

Abstract

Immoderate energy intake, a sedentary lifestyle, and aging have contributed to the increased prevalence of obesity, sarcopenia, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. There is an urgent need for the development of novel pharmacological interventions that can target excessive fat accumulation and decreased muscle mass and/or strength. Adipokines, bioactive molecules derived from adipose tissue, are involved in the regulation of appetite and satiety, inflammation, energy expenditure, insulin resistance and secretion, glucose and lipid metabolism, and atherosclerosis. Recently, there is emerging evidence that skeletal muscle and the liver also function as endocrine organs that secrete myokines and hepatokines, respectively. Novel discoveries and research into these organokines (adipokines, myokines, and hepatokines) may lead to the development of promising biomarkers and therapeutics for cardiometabolic disease. In this review, I summarize recent data on these organokines and focus on the role of adipokines, myokines, and hepatokines in the regulation of insulin resistance, inflammation, and atherosclerosis.

Keyword

Insulin resistance; Inflammation; Atherosclerosis; Adipokines

MeSH Terms

Adipokines
Adipose Tissue
Aging
Appetite
Atherosclerosis*
Cardiovascular Diseases
Energy Intake
Energy Metabolism
Glucose
Inflammation*
Insulin Resistance*
Insulin*
Lipid Metabolism
Liver
Muscle, Skeletal
Obesity
Prevalence
Sarcopenia
Sedentary Lifestyle
Biomarkers
Adipokines
Biological Markers
Glucose
Insulin

Figure

  • Fig. 1 Role of organokines (adipokines, myokines, and hepatokines) on cardiometabolic disorders. A-FABP, adipocyte fatty acid binding protein; IL, interleukin; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; FGF21, fibroblast growth factor 21.


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