Korean J Physiol Pharmacol.  2016 Jul;20(4):347-355. 10.4196/kjpp.2016.20.4.347.

Cryptotanshinone inhibits TNF-α-induced LOX-1 expression by suppressing reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in endothelial cells

Affiliations
  • 1Department of Pharmacology and the Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou 563000, China. shijs@zmc.edu.cn
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau 999078, Macao, China. xpchen@umac.mo

Abstract

Cryptotanshinone (CPT) is a natural compound isolated from traditional Chinese medicine Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. In the present study, the regulatory effect and potential mechanisms of CPT on tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) induced lectin-like receptor for oxidized low density lipoprotein (LOX-1) were investigated. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured and the effect of TNF-α on LOX-1 expression at mRNA and protein levels was determined by Real-time PCR and Western blotting respectively. The formation of intracellular ROS was determined with fluorescence probe CM-DCFH2-DA. The endothelial ox-LDL uptake was evaluated with DiI-ox-LDL. The effect of CPT on LOX-1 expression was also evaluated with SD rats. TNF-α induced LOX-1 expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner in endothelial cells. TNF-α induced ROS formation, phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 and ERK, and LOX-1 expression, which were suppressed by rotenone, DPI, NAC, and CPT. NF-κB inhibitor BAY11-7082 and ERK inhibitor PD98059 inhibited TNF-α-induced LOX-1 expression. CPT and NAC suppressed TNF-α-induced LOX-1 expression and phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 and ERK in rat aorta. These data suggested that TNF-α induced LOX-1 expression via ROS activated NF-κB/ERK pathway, which could be inhibited by CPT. This study provides new insights for the anti-atherosclerotic effect of CPT.


MeSH Terms

Animals
Aorta
Blotting, Western
Endothelial Cells*
Fluorescence
Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells
Lipoproteins
Medicine, Chinese Traditional
Phosphorylation
Rats
Reactive Oxygen Species*
Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
RNA, Messenger
Rotenone
Salvia miltiorrhiza
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
Lipoproteins
RNA, Messenger
Reactive Oxygen Species
Rotenone
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Figure

  • Fig. 1 The cytotoxicity of TNF-α on HUVECs after 24 h treatment.(A). The chemical structure of CPT (B). Cells were incubated with TNF-α, the expression of LOX-1 at mRNA (C and D) and protein (E and F) levels was determined by realtime PCR and Western blotting respectively. *p<0.05 and **p<0.01 vs. untreated group.

  • Fig. 2 TNF-α induced ROS formation in HUVECs.Cells were treated with TNF-α (10 ng/mL) (B) and H2O2 (50 µM) (C) for 24 h, the ROS formation was determined with CM-DCFH2-DA. After 2 h pretreated with DPI (10 µM) (D), rotenone (10 µM) (E), NAC (1 mM) (F), CPT (0.25 µM) (G), CPT (0.5 µM) (H), CPT (1 µM) (I), the ROS gene ration was measured. A. Without TNF-α treatment.

  • Fig. 3 ROS mediated TNF-α-induced LOX-1 expression in HUVECs.Cells were incubated with TNF-α (10 ng/mL) for 24 h with or without 2 h pretreatment with DPI (10 µM), Rot (10 µM), NAC (1 mM), the LOX-1 protein expression was determined by Western blotting. Rot, rotenone; *p<0.05 and **p<0.01 vs. TNF-α treated group.

  • Fig. 4 CPT reversed TNF-α-induced LOX-1 expression in HUVECs.Cells were incubated with TNF-α (10 ng/mL) for 24 h with or without CPT pretreatment for 1 h, the protein expression of LOX-1 were determined (A). Cells were pretreated with PD98059 (50 µM) or BAY11-7802(50 µM) for 1 h and then incubated with TNF-α (10 ng/mL) for 24 h, the protein expression of LOX-1 was determined (B). CPT, cryptotanshinone; *p<0.05 and **p<0.01 vs. TNF-α treated group.

  • Fig. 5 Role of ROS in TNF-α-induced phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 and ERK in HUVECs.After 2 h pretreated with DPI (10 MM), Rot (10 µM), NAC (1 mM), cells were treat ed with TNF-α (10 ng/mL) for 24 h, the protein expression of p-p65 (A) and p-ERK (B) was measured by Western blotting. Rot, rotenone; *p<0.05 vs. TNF-α treated group.

  • Fig. 6 CPT inhibited TNF-α-induced phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 and ERK in HUVECs.After 1 h pretreated with CPT (0–1 MM), PD98059(50 µM), or BAY11-7802 (50 µM), cells were treated with TNF-α (10 ng/mL) for 24 h, the protein expression of p-p65 (A) and p-ERK (B) was measured by Western blotting. CPT, cryptotanshinone; *p<0.05 and **p<0.01 vs. TNF-α treated group.

  • Fig. 7 CPT inhibited TNF-α-induced DiI-ox-LDL uptake in HUVECs.Cells were treated with TNF-α (10 ng/mL) (B) and H2O2 (50 µM) (C) for 24 h, then the cells were incubated with DiI-ox-LDL and the uptake of DiI- ox-LDL was measured with a fluorescent microscopy. After 2 h pretreated with DPI (10 µM) (D), rotenone (10 µM) (E), NAC (1 mM) (F), CPT (0.25 µM) (G), CPT (0.5 µM) (H), or CPT (1 µM) (I), the uptake of DiI-ox-LDL was measured. A. Without TNF-α treatment.

  • Fig. 8 CPT inhibited TNF-α-induced LOX-1 expression in rat aorta tissues.Male SD mice were pretreated with CPT (50 mg/kg) or NAC (150 mg/kg) for 2 h by ig and then administrated with TNF-α (20 ng/mL) by intraperitoneal injection for 24 h. The aorta tissues were isolated and the protein expression of LOX-1, p-p65, and p-ERK was determined by Western blotting. CPT, cryptotanshinone; *p<0.05 vs. TNF-α treated group.


Cited by  1 articles

Lactobacillus casei strain C1 attenuates vascular changes in spontaneously hypertensive rats
Wei Boon Yap, Faisal Malau Ahmad, Yi Cheng Lim, Satirah Zainalabidin
Korean J Physiol Pharmacol. 2016;20(6):621-628.    doi: 10.4196/kjpp.2016.20.6.621.


Reference

1. Yagi A, Fujimoto K, Tanonaka K, Hirai K, Takeo S. Possible active components of tan-shen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) for protection of the myocardium against ischemia-induced derangements. Planta Med. 1989; 55:51–54. PMID: 2717690.
2. Ma S, Yang D, Wang K, Tang B, Li D, Yang Y. Cryptotanshinone attenuates isoprenaline-induced cardiac fibrosis in mice associated with upregulation and activation of matrix metalloproteinase-2. Mol Med Rep. 2012; 6:145–150. PMID: 22505122.
3. Jin HJ, Xie XL, Ye JM, Li CG. TanshinoneIIA and cryptotanshinone protect against hypoxia-induced mitochondrial apoptosis in H9c2 cells. PLoS One. 2013; 8:e51720. PMID: 23341883.
Article
4. Suh SJ, Jin UH, Choi HJ, Chang HW, Son JK, Lee SH, Jeon SJ, Son KH, Chang YC, Lee YC, Kim CH. Cryptotanshinone from Salvia miltiorrhiza BUNGE has an inhibitory effect on TNF-alpha-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 production and HASMC migration via down-regulated NF-kappaB and AP-1. Biochem Pharmacol. 2006; 72:1680–1689. PMID: 16999937.
5. Zhou Z, Wang SQ, Liu Y, Miao AD. Cryptotanshinone inhibits endothelin-1 expression and stimulates nitric oxide production in human vascular endothelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006; 1760:1–9. PMID: 16289876.
Article
6. Jin YC, Kim CW, Kim YM, Nizamutdinova IT, Ha YM, Kim HJ, Seo HG, Son KH, Jeon SJ, Kang SS, Kim YS, Kam SC, Lee JH, Chang KC. Cryptotanshinone, a lipophilic compound of Salvia miltiorrriza root, inhibits TNF-alpha-induced expression of adhesion molecules in HUVEC and attenuates rat myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol. 2009; 614:91–97. PMID: 19401198.
7. Ang KP, Tan HK, Selvaraja M, Kadir AA, Somchit MN, Akim AM, Zakaria ZA, Ahmad Z. Cryptotanshinone attenuates in vitro oxLDL-induced pre-lesional atherosclerotic events. Planta Med. 2011; 77:1782–1787. PMID: 21614753.
8. Sawamura T, Kume N, Aoyama T, Moriwaki H, Hoshikawa H, Aiba Y, Tanaka T, Miwa S, Katsura Y, Kita T, Masaki T. An endothelial receptor for oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Nature. 1997; 386:73–77. PMID: 9052782.
Article
9. Chen XP, Zhang TT, Du GH. Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1, a new promising target for the therapy of atherosclerosis? Cardiovasc Drug Rev. 2007; 25:146–161. PMID: 17614937.
Article
10. Renier G. Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1), a relevant target for diabetic vasculopathy? Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets. 2008; 8:203–211. PMID: 18781933.
Article
11. Ulrich-Merzenich G, Zeitler H. The lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 as therapeutic target for atherosclerosis, inflammatory conditions and longevity. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2013; 17:905–919. PMID: 23738516.
Article
12. Chen XP, DU GH. Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1: protein, ligands, expression and pathophysiological significance. Chin Med J (Engl). 2007; 120:421–426. PMID: 17376315.
Article
13. Kume N, Murase T, Moriwaki H, Aoyama T, Sawamura T, Masaki T, Kita T. Inducible expression of lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 in vascular endothelial cells. Circ Res. 1998; 83:322–327. PMID: 9710125.
Article
14. Moriwaki H, Kume N, Kataoka H, Murase T, Nishi E, Sawamura T, Masaki T, Kita T. Expression of lectin-like oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor-1 in human and murine macrophages: upregulated expression by TNF-alpha. FEBS Lett. 1998; 440:29–32. PMID: 9862418.
15. Kume N, Moriwaki H, Kataoka H, Minami M, Murase T, Sawamura T, Masaki T, Kita T. Inducible expression of LOX-1, a novel receptor for oxidized LDL, in macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000; 902:323–327. PMID: 10865857.
Article
16. Chiba Y, Ogita T, Ando K, Fujita T. PPARgamma ligands inhibit TNF-alpha-induced LOX-1 expression in cultured endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001; 286:541–546. PMID: 11511093.
17. Shibata Y, Kume N, Arai H, Hayashida K, Inui-Hayashida A, Minami M, Mukai E, Toyohara M, Harauma A, Murayama T, Kita T, Hara S, Kamei K, Yokode M. Mulberry leaf aqueous fractions inhibit TNF-alpha-induced nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation and lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1) expression in vascular endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis. 2007; 193:20–27. PMID: 17055514.
18. Lee MJ, Lee HS, Park SD, Moon HI, Park WH. Leonurus sibiricus herb extract suppresses oxidative stress and ameliorates hypercholesterolemia in C57BL/6 mice and TNF-alpha induced expression of adhesion molecules and lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2010; 74:279–284. PMID: 20139626.
19. Song G, Tian H, Liu J, Zhang H, Sun X, Qin S. H2 inhibits TNF-α-induced lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 expression by inhibiting nuclear factor κB activation in endothelial cells. Biotechnol Lett. 2011; 33:1715–1722. PMID: 21544615.
Article
20. Yamagata K, Tusruta C, Ohtuski A, Tagami M. Docosahexaenoic acid decreases TNF-α-induced lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 expression in THP-1 cells. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2014; 90:125–132. PMID: 24518001.
Article
21. Chen X, Zhong Z, Xu Z, Chen L, Wang Y. No protective effect of curcumin on hydrogen peroxide-induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells. Pharmacol Rep. 2011; 63:724–732. PMID: 21857083.
Article
22. Chen X, Zhong Z, Xu Z, Chen L, Wang Y. 2',7'-Dichlorodihydr ofluorescein as a fluorescent probe for reactive oxygen species measurement: Forty years of application and controversy. Free Radic Res. 2010; 44:587–604. PMID: 20370560.
23. Zhang T, Huang Z, Dai Y, Chen X, Zhu P, Du G. The expression of recombinant human LOX-1 and identifying its mimic ligands by fluorescence polarization-based high throughput screening. J Biotechnol. 2006; 125:492–502. PMID: 16735073.
Article
24. Chen X, Andresen BT, Hill M, Zhang J, Booth F, Zhang C. Role of reactive oxygen species in tumor necrosis factor-alpha induced endothelial dysfunction. Curr Hypertens Rev. 2008; 4:245–255. PMID: 20559453.
Article
25. Zhang H, Park Y, Wu J, Chen Xp, Lee S, Yang J, Dellsperger KC, Zhang C. Role of TNF-alpha in vascular dysfunction. Clin Sci (Lond). 2009; 116:219–230. PMID: 19118493.
26. Dunn S, Vohra RS, Murphy JE, Homer-Vanniasinkam S, Walker JH, Ponnambalam S. The lectin-like oxidized low-density-lipoprotein receptor: a pro-inflammatory factor in vascular disease. Biochem J. 2008; 409:349–355. PMID: 18092947.
Article
27. Liang M, Zhang P, Fu J. Up-regulation of LOX-1 expression by TNF-alpha promotes trans-endothelial migration of MDA- MB-231 breast cancer cells. Cancer Lett. 2007; 258:31–37. PMID: 17868983.
28. Chen X, Zhang H, McAfee S, Zhang C. The reciprocal relationship between adiponectin and LOX-1 in the regulation of endothelial dysfunction in ApoE knockout mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2010; 299:H605–H612. PMID: 20581092.
Article
29. Nagase M, Ando K, Nagase T, Kaname S, Sawamura T, Fujita T. Redox-sensitive regulation of lox-1 gene expression in vascular endothelium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001; 281:720–725. PMID: 11237717.
Article
30. Sun Y, Chen X. Ox-LDL-induced LOX-1 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells: role of reactive oxygen species. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2011; 25:572–579. PMID: 21077940.
Article
31. Pirillo A, Reduzzi A, Ferri N, Kuhn H, Corsini A, Catapano AL. Upregulation of lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) by 15-lipoxygenase-modified LDL in endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis. 2011; 214:331–337. PMID: 21130457.
Article
32. Li L, Sawamura T, Renier G. Glucose enhances endothelial LOX-1 expression: role for LOX-1 in glucose-induced human monocyte adhesion to endothelium. Diabetes. 2003; 52:1843–1850. PMID: 12829655.
33. Fu R, Yan T, Wang Q, Guo Q, Yao H, Wu X, Li Y. Suppression of endothelial cell adhesion by XJP-1, a new phenolic compound derived from banana peel. Vascul Pharmacol. 2012; 57:105–112. PMID: 22609942.
Article
34. Lee WY, Liu KW, Yeung JH. Reactive oxygen species-mediated kinase activation by dihydrotanshinone in tanshinones-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells. Cancer Lett. 2009; 285:46–57. PMID: 19467570.
Article
35. Chen W, Liu L, Luo Y, Odaka Y, Awate S, Zhou H, Shen T, Zheng S, Lu Y, Huang S. Cryptotanshinone activates p38/JNK and inhibits Erk1/2 leading to caspase-independent cell death in tumor cells. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2012; 5:778–787. PMID: 22490436.
Article
36. Mukai E, Kume N, Hayashida K, Minami M, Yamada Y, Seino Y, Kita T. Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor induces expression of lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 in vascular smooth muscle cells. Atherosclerosis. 2004; 176:289–296. PMID: 15380451.
Article
37. Li L, Sawamura T, Renier G. Glucose enhances human macrophage LOX-1 expression: role for LOX-1 in glucose-induced macrophage foam cell formation. Circ Res. 2004; 94:892–901. PMID: 15001526.
38. Liu Z, Xu S, Huang X, Wang J, Gao S, Li H, Zhou C, Ye J, Chen S, Jin ZG, Liu P. Cryptotanshinone, an orally bioactive herbal compound from Danshen, attenuates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice: role of lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1). Br J Pharmacol. 2015; 10.1111/bph.13068. [Epub ahead of print].
Article
Full Text Links
  • KJPP
Actions
Cited
CITED
export Copy
Close
Share
  • Twitter
  • Facebook
Similar articles
Copyright © 2024 by Korean Association of Medical Journal Editors. All rights reserved.     E-mail: koreamed@kamje.or.kr