J Korean Diabetes.  2012 Mar;13(1):33-38. 10.4093/jkd.2012.13.1.33.

Diet Therapy for Postprandial Hyperglycemia in Patients with Diabetes

• Yoo JA

• KMID: 1436185
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4093/jkd.2012.13.1.33

Abstract

The strict control of blood glucose levels is the most effective way to prevent and slow or prevent the development of diabetes complications. It is important to control postprandial hyperglycemia in order to maintain blood glucose levels in the normal range and reduce the risk of diabetes complications. Postprandial blood glucose levels are influenced by several factors such as diet pattern, meal composition (carbohydrate intake), amount of food intake, gastric emptying time, insulin resistance, and insulin and glucagon secretion. Postprandial blood glucose levels are particularly affected by food intake and activity. Thus, diet therapy is essential for maintaining postprandial blood glucose levels in the normal range. Maintaining a consistent meal time and amount of food intake, controlling the carbohydrate intake, using the glycemic index for additional benefit, and consuming dietary fiber (20-25 g/day) are all recommended for controlling postprandial blood glucose levels. In conclusion, it is important to not only control these factors, but also to develop a balanced diet plan that considers each individual patient's life style.

Keyword

Hyperglycemia; Diabetes mellitus; Diet therapy; Postprandial

MeSH Terms

Blood Glucose
Diabetes Complications
Diabetes Mellitus
Diet
Dietary Fiber
Eating
Gastric Emptying
Glucagon
Glycemic Index
Humans
Hyperglycemia
Insulin
Insulin Resistance
Life Style
Meals
Reference Values
Blood Glucose
Glucagon
Insulin

Reference

1. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993. 329:977–986.

2. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet. 1998. 352:837–853.

3. DECODE Study Group, the European Diabetes Epidemiology Group. Glucose tolerance and cardiovascular mortality: comparison of fasting and 2-hour diagnostic criteria. Arch Intern Med. 2001. 161:397–405.

4. Ministry for Health, Welfare and Family Affairs. Korean Centers for Disease Controls and Prevention. 2007 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). 2008. Seoul: Ministry for Health, Welfare and Family Affairs.

5. Woo MH, Park S, Woo JT, Choue R. A comparative study of diet in good and poor glycemic control groups in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Korean Diabetes J. 2010. 34:303–311.

6. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes-2010. Diabetes Care. 2010. 33:Suppl 1. S11–S61.

7. Korean Diabetes Association. Korean food exchange lists for diabetes. 2010. 3rd ed. Seoul: Gold' planning and development;4671–72.

8. American Diabetes Association. Bantle JP, Wylie-Rosett J, Albright AL, Apovian CM, Clark NG, Franz MJ, Hoogwerf BJ, Lichtenstein AH, Mayer-Davis E, Mooradian AD, Wheeler ML. Nutrition recommendations and interventions for diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2008. 31:Suppl 1. S61–S78.

9. Sheard NF, Clark NG, Brand-Miller JC, Franz MJ, Pi-Sunyer FX, Mayer-Davis E, Kulkarni K, Geil P. Dietary carbohydrate (amount and type) in the prevention and management of diabetes: a statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2004. 27:2266–2271.

10. Wheeler ML, Pi-Sunyer FX. Carbohydrate issues: type and amount. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008. 108:4 Suppl 1. S34–S39.

11. Jenkins DJ, Wolever TM, Taylor RH, Barker H, Fielden H, Baldwin JM, Bowling AC, Newman HC, Jenkins AL, Goff DV. Glycemic index of foods: a physiological basis for carbohydrate exchange. Am J Clin Nutr. 1981. 34:362–366.

12. Kim IJ. Glycemic index revisited. Korean Diabetes J. 2009. 33:261–266.

13. Ma Y, Olendzki BC, Merriam PA, Chiriboga DE, Culver AL, Li W, Hebert JR, Ockene IS, Griffith JA, Pagoto SL. A randomized clinical trial comparing low-glycemic index versus ADA dietary education among individuals with type 2 diabetes. Nutrition. 2008. 24:45–56.

14. Atkinson FS, Foster-Powell K, Brand-Miller JC. International tables of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2008. Diabetes Care. 2008. 31:2281–2283.

15. Schulze MB, Schulz M, Heidemann C, Schienkiewitz A, Hoffmann K, Boeing H. Fiber and magnesium intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a prospective study and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2007. 167:956–965.

16. De Natale C, Annuzzi G, Bozzetto L, Mazzarella R, Costabile G, Ciano O, Riccardi G, Rivellese AA. Effects of a plant-based high-carbohydrate/high-fiber diet versus high-monounsaturated fat/low-carbohydrate diet on postprandial lipids in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 2009. 32:2168–2173.

17. Chandalia M, Garg A, Lutjohann D, von Bergmann K, Grundy SM, Brinkley LJ. Beneficial effects of high dietary fiber intake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2000. 342:1392–1398.

18. Wheeler ML, Dunbar SA, Jaacks LM, Karmally W, Mayer-Davis EJ, Wylie-Rosett J, Yancy WS Jr. Macronutrients, food groups, and eating patterns in the management of diabetes: a systematic review of the literature, 2010. Diabetes Care. 2012. 35:434–445.

19. Holler HJ, Pastors JG. Diabetes medical nutrition therapy. 1997. Chicago: American Dietetic Association.