J Korean Med Sci.  2023 Nov;38(43):e339. 10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e339.

Etiology and Clinical Characteristics of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Korean Children During the PreCOVID-19 Period, 2015-2020

• Suh JH
• Ahn B
• Song SH
• Choi S
• Choi SH
• Lee H
• Han MS
• Park JY
• Choi EH
• Yun KW

• KMID: 2547964
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e339

Abstract

Background
There have been many epidemiologic studies on community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) among children, most of which had substantial limitations. This study investigated the etiologic distribution and clinical characteristics of CAP in Korean children for 5 years before the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.
Methods
A retrospective analysis of children hospitalized for CAP at 4 referral hospitals during 2015-2020 was performed. Cases in which bronchiolitis was suspected or pulmonary infiltration was not evident on chest radiography (CXR) were excluded. Viruses and atypical bacteria were defined as detected when positive in the polymerase chain reaction test performed for respiratory specimens. Serologic testing result for Mycoplasma pneumoniae was incorporated with strict interpretation. Pyogenic bacteria were included only when cultured in blood, pleural fluid, or bronchoalveolar lavage, but those cultured in endotracheal aspirate or sputum when the case was clinically evident bacterial pneumonia were also included.
Results
A total of 2,864 cases of suspected pneumonia were selected by diagnosis code and CXR findings. Medical chart and CXR review excluded nosocomial pneumonia and cases without evident infiltration, resulting in 517 (18.1%) CAP cases among 489 children. Regarding clinical symptoms, high fever was present in 59.4% and dyspnea in 19.9% of cases. Respiratory support was required for 29.2% of patients, including mechanical ventilation for 3.9%. Pathogens were detected in 49.9% of cases, with viruses in 32.3%, atypical bacteria in 17.8%, and pyogenic bacteria in 2.3% of cases. As single pathogens, M. pneumoniae (16.8%) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV, 13.7%) were the most common. Parenteral β-lactam and macrolide antibiotics were administered in 81.6% and 50.7% of cases, respectively. A total of 12 (2.3%) cases resulted in poor outcomes, including 3 deaths.
Conclusion
M. pneumoniae and RSV were the most commonly detected pathogens of pediatric CAP, which was selected by strict clinical and radiologic criteria. It is necessary to carefully decide whether to use parenteral antibiotics based on the epidemiology and clinical features of CAP in children.

Keyword

Community-Acquired Pneumonia; Etiology; Children

Figure

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  Fig. 1 Monthly numbers of children hospitalized with CAP (red line) and detected pathogens (colored bars) by year.CAP = community-acquired pneumonia.

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  Fig. 2 Number of pathogens detected among children hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia.RSV = respiratory syncytial virus, AdV = adenovirus, HMpV = human metapneumovirus, PIV = parainfluenza virus.

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  Fig. 3 Proportion of pathogens detected in community-acquired pneumonia according to age group.

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