Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab.  2015 Dec;20(4):179-186. 10.6065/apem.2015.20.4.179.

Endocrine and metabolic emergencies in children: hypocalcemia, hypoglycemia, adrenal insufficiency, and metabolic acidosis including diabetic ketoacidosis

• Kim SY

• KMID: 2354693
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.6065/apem.2015.20.4.179

Abstract

It is important to fast diagnosis and management of the pediatric patients of the endocrine metabolic emergencies because the signs and symptoms of these disorders are nonspecific. Delayed diagnosis and treatment may lead to serious consequences of the pediatric patients, for example, cerebral dysfunction leading to coma or death of the patients with hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, adrenal insufficiency, or diabetic ketoacidosis. The index of suspicion of the endocrine metabolic emergencies should be preceded prior to the starting nonspecific treatment. Importantly, proper diagnosis depends on the collection of blood and urine specimen before nonspecific therapy (intravenous hydration, electrolytes, glucose or calcium injection). At the same time, the taking of precise history and searching for pathognomonic physical findings should be performed. This review was described for fast diagnosis and proper management of hypoglycemic emergencies, hypocalcemia, adrenal insufficiency, and metabolic acidosis including diabetic ketoacidosis.

Keyword

Hypoglycemia; Hypocalcemia; Adrenal insufficiency; Metabolic acidosis; Diabetic ketoacidosis

MeSH Terms

Acidosis*
Adrenal Insufficiency*
Calcium
Child*
Coma
Delayed Diagnosis
Diabetic Ketoacidosis*
Diagnosis
Electrolytes
Emergencies*
Glucose
Humans
Hypocalcemia*
Hypoglycemia*
Calcium
Electrolytes
Glucose