Clin Exp Pediatr.  2021 Mar;64(3):96-102. 10.3345/cep.2019.01466.

Association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and risk of bone fractures in offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Affiliations
  • 1Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
  • 2Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical sciences, Zahedan, Iran
  • 3Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  • 4Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  • 5Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP) on the risk of bone fractures in the offspring through a systematic review and meta-analysis. The PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were systematically searched for relevant articles published through July 2019. According to heterogeneity, the pooled risk ratio (RR) and odds ratio (OR) and their corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) were obtained using fixed or random effects models. The heterogeneity and quality of the included studies were assessed by the I-squared (I2 ) statistic and the NewcastleOttawa scale, respectively. Sensitivity analyses were performed to test the effect of MSDP misclassification on the results. The review of 842 search records yielded 5 studies including 8,746 mother-child pairs that were included in the meta-analysis. Pooling adjusted effect measures showed that MSDP was not associated with a later risk of bone fractures in the offspring (pooled RR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.84–1.58; I2 =66.8%; P=0.049). After the adjustment for misclassification, MSDP may be associated with a 27% increased risk of bone fracture (pooled OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.00–1.62; I2 =0%; P=0.537). After the adjustment for misclassification, MSDP is associated with an increased risk of bone fractures among children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy.

Keyword

Maternal smoking; Meta analyses; Misclassification; Pregnancy; Bone fractures
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