J Bone Metab.  2019 Nov;26(4):225-239. 10.11005/jbm.2019.26.4.225.

Position Statement: Exercise Guidelines to Increase Peak Bone Mass in Adolescents

Affiliations
  • 1Department of Sport Science, Korea Institute of Sport Science, Seoul, Korea.
  • 2Department of Sport Leisure, College of Sport Sciences, Yongin University, Yongin, Korea.
  • 3Department of Sports Science, College of Natural Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea.
  • 4College of Sport Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea.
  • 5Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
  • 6Department of Kinesiology, Inha University, Incheon, Korea. dparkosu@inha.ac.kr
  • 7Department of Physical Education, Dongduck Women's University, Seoul, Korea. chang@dongduk.ac.kr

Abstract

BACKGROUND
An increase in bone mineral density during adolescence increases resistance to fractures in older age. The Korean Society for Bone and Mineral Research and the Korean Society of Exercise Physiology developed exercise guidelines to increase the peak bone mass (PBM) in adolescents based on evidence through a systematic review of previous research.
METHODS
Articles were selected using the systematic method, and the exercise guidelines were established by selecting key questions (KQs) and defining the effects of exercises based on evidence through a literature review for selecting the final exercise method. There were 9 KQs. An online search was conducted on articles published since 2000, and 93 articles were identified.
RESULTS
An increase in PBM in adolescence was effective for preventing osteoporosis and fractures in older age. Exercise programs as part of vigorous physical activity (VPA) including resistance and impact exercise at least 5 to 6 months were effective for improving PBM in adolescents. It is recommended that resistance exercise is performed 10 to 12 rep·set⁻¹ 1-2 set·region⁻¹ and 3 days·week⁻¹ using the large muscles. For impact exercises such as jumping, it is recommended that the exercise is performed at least 50 jumps·min⁻¹, 10 min·day⁻¹ and 2 days·week⁻¹.
CONCLUSIONS
Exercise guidelines were successfully developed, and they recommend at least 5 to 6 months of VPA, which includes both resistance and impact exercises. With the development of exercise guidelines, the incidence of osteoporosis and fractures in the aging society can be reduced in the future, thus contributing to improved public health.

Keyword

Adolescent; Bone density; Exercise

MeSH Terms

Adolescent*
Aging
Bone Density
Exercise
Humans
Incidence
Methods
Miners
Motor Activity
Muscles
Osteoporosis
Physiology
Public Health

Figure

  • Fig. 1 Flowchart of the systematic search of literature and selection process for the development of guideline for adolescents.

  • Fig. 2 Exercise guidelines for increasing peak bone mass (PBM) in adolescence. VPA, vigorous physical activity.


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