J Gastric Cancer.  2018 Dec;18(4):313-327. 10.5230/jgc.2018.18.e41.

Evidence-Based Practice Guideline for Surgical Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease 2018

• Seo HS
• Choi M
• Son SY
• Kim MG
• Han DS
• Lee HH

• KMID: 2429878
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.5230/jgc.2018.18.e41

Abstract

The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is increasing in Korea, and physicians, including surgeons, have been focusing on its treatment. Indeed, in Korea, medical treatment using a proton pump inhibitor is the mainstream treatment for GERD, while awareness of surgical treatment is limited. Accordingly, to promote the understanding of surgical treatment for GERD, the Korean Anti-Reflux Surgery Study Group published the Evidence-Based Practice Guideline for the Surgical Treatment of GERD. The guideline consists of 2 sections: fundamental information such as the definition, symptoms, and diagnostic tools of GERD and a recommendation statement about its surgical treatment. The recommendations presented 5 debates regarding fundoplication: 1) comparison of the effectiveness of medical and surgical treatments, 2) effectiveness of surgical treatment in cases of refractory GERD, 3) effectiveness of surgical treatment of extraesophageal symptoms, 4) comparison of effectiveness between total and partial fundoplication, and 5) effectiveness of fundoplication in cases of hiatal hernia. The present guideline is the first to demonstrate the efficacy of the surgical treatment GERD in Korea.

Keyword

Fundoplication; Gastroesophageal reflux; Guideline; Systematic review; Treatment

MeSH Terms

Evidence-Based Practice*
Fundoplication
Gastroesophageal Reflux*
Hernia, Hiatal
Korea
Prevalence
Proton Pumps
Surgeons
Proton Pumps

Reference

1. Jung HK. Epidemiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease in Asia: a systematic review. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2011; 17:14–27.

2. Savarino E, de Bortoli N, De Cassan C, Della Coletta M, Bartolo O, Furnari M, et al. The natural history of gastro-esophageal reflux disease: a comprehensive review. Dis Esophagus. 2017; 30:1–9.

3. Ronkainen J, Agréus L. Epidemiology of reflux symptoms and GORD. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2013; 27:325–337.

4. Kim KM, Cho YK, Bae SJ, Kim DS, Shim KN, Kim JH, et al. Prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease in Korea and associated health-care utilization: a national population-based study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012; 27:741–745.

5. Stefanidis D, Hope WW, Kohn GP, Reardon PR, Richardson WS, Fanelli RD, et al. Guidelines for surgical treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Surg Endosc. 2010; 24:2647–2669.

6. Fuchs KH, Babic B, Breithaupt W, Dallemagne B, Fingerhut A, Furnee E, et al. EAES recommendations for the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Surg Endosc. 2014; 28:1753–1773.

7. Richter JE, Kumar A, Lipka S, Miladinovic B, Velanovich V. Efficacy of laparoscopic nissen fundoplication vs transoral incisionless fundoplication or proton pump inhibitors in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2018; 154:1298–1308.e7.

8. Semb S, Helgstrand F, Hjørne F, Bytzer P. Persistent severe hypomagnesemia caused by proton pump inhibitor resolved after laparoscopic fundoplication. World J Gastroenterol. 2017; 23:6907–6910.

9. Zhang C, Hu ZW, Yan C, Wu Q, Wu JM, Du X, et al. Nissen fundoplication vs proton pump inhibitors for laryngopharyngeal reflux based on pH-monitoring and symptom-scale. World J Gastroenterol. 2017; 23:3546–3555.

10. Nwokediuko SC. Current trends in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a review. ISRN Gastroenterol. 2012; 2012:391631.

11. Armijo PR, Hennings D, Leon M, Pratap A, Wheeler A, Oleynikov D. Surgical management of gastroesophageal reflux disease in patients with severe esophageal dysmotility. J Gastrointest Surg. 2018.

12. Iwakiri K, Kinoshita Y, Habu Y, Oshima T, Manabe N, Fujiwara Y, et al. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for gastroesophageal reflux disease 2015. J Gastroenterol. 2016; 51:751–767.

13. Lee JH, Cho YK, Jeon SW, Kim JH, Kim NY, Lee JS, et al. Guidelines for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Korean J Gastroenterol. 2011; 57:57–66.

14. Jung HK, Hong SJ, Jo YJ, Jeon SW, Cho YK, Lee KJ, et al. Updated guidelines 2012 for gastroesophageal reflux disease. Korean J Gastroenterol. 2012; 60:195–218.

15. Higgins JP, Altman DG, Gøtzsche PC, Jüni P, Moher D, Oxman AD, et al. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2011; 343:d5928.

16. Kim SY, Park JE, Lee YJ, Seo HJ, Sheen SS, Hahn S, et al. Testing a tool for assessing the risk of bias for nonrandomized studies showed moderate reliability and promising validity. J Clin Epidemiol. 2013; 66:408–414.

17. Whiting PF, Rutjes AW, Westwood ME, Mallett S, Deeks JJ, Reitsma JB, et al. QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies. Ann Intern Med. 2011; 155:529–536.

18. Shea BJ, Hamel C, Wells GA, Bouter LM, Kristjansson E, Grimshaw J, et al. AMSTAR is a reliable and valid measurement tool to assess the methodological quality of systematic reviews. J Clin Epidemiol. 2009; 62:1013–1020.

19. The Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). SIGN 50: a guideline developer's handbook. Edinburgh: SIGN;2014.

20. Schünemann H, Brożek J, Guyatt G, Oxman A, editors. Handbook for Grading the Quality of Evidence and the Strength of Recommendations Using the GRADE Approach. place unknown: GRADE Working Group;2013.

21. Dent J, Brun J, Fendrick AM, Fennerty MB, Janssens J, Kahrilas PJ, et al. An evidence-based appraisal of reflux disease management--the Genval Workshop Report. Gut. 1999; 44:Suppl 2. S1–S16.

22. Chandrasoma P. How the pathologist can aid in the assessment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2018; 34:233–242.

23. Kim A, Shin N, Lee HJ, Jo HJ, Kim JY, Kim YK, et al. Histopathological features of the gastroesophageal junction: an Eastern view. Histol Histopathol. 2015; 30:689–695.

24. Chandrasoma PT. Histologic definition of gastro-esophageal reflux disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2013; 29:460–467.

25. Vakil N, van Zanten SV, Kahrilas P, Dent J, Jones R. Global Consensus Group. The Montreal definition and classification of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a global evidence-based consensus. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006; 101:1900–1920.

26. Dimenäs E. Methodological aspects of evaluation of Quality of Life in upper gastrointestinal diseases. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1993; 199:18–21.

27. Bernard F, Dupont C, Viala P. Gastroesophageal reflux and upper airway diseases. Clin Rev Allergy. 1990; 8:403–425.

28. Lv HJ, Qiu ZM. Refractory chronic cough due to gastroesophageal reflux: definition, mechanism and management. World J Methodol. 2015; 5:149–156.

29. Rengarajan A, Bolkhir A, Gor P, Wang D, Munigala S, Gyawali CP. Esophagogastric junction and esophageal body contraction metrics on high-resolution manometry predict esophageal acid burden. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2018; 30:e13267.

30. Dent J, El-Serag HB, Wallander MA, Johansson S. Epidemiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review. Gut. 2005; 54:710–717.

31. Kahrilas PJ, Jonsson A, Denison H, Wernersson B, Hughes N, Howden CW. Concomitant symptoms itemized in the reflux disease questionnaire are associated with attenuated heartburn response to acid suppression. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012; 107:1354–1360.

32. Tack J, Caenepeel P, Arts J, Lee KJ, Sifrim D, Janssens J. Prevalence of acid reflux in functional dyspepsia and its association with symptom profile. Gut. 2005; 54:1370–1376.

33. Savarino V, Savarino E, Parodi A, Dulbecco P. Functional heartburn and non-erosive reflux disease. Dig Dis. 2007; 25:172–174.

34. de Bortoli N, Tolone S, Frazzoni M, Martinucci I, Sgherri G, Albano E, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome: common overlapping gastrointestinal disorders. Ann Gastroenterol. 2018; 31:639–648.

35. Choung RS, Richard Locke G 3rd, Schleck CD, Zinsmeister AR, Talley NJ. Multiple functional gastrointestinal disorders linked to gastroesophageal reflux and somatization: a population-based study. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2017; 29.

36. Fuchs KH, Musial F, Ulbricht F, Breithaupt W, Reinisch A, Babic B, et al. Foregut symptoms, somatoform tendencies, and the selection of patients for antireflux surgery. Dis Esophagus. 2017; 30:1–10.

37. Jarbøl DE, Rasmussen S, Balasubramaniam K, Elnegaard S, Haastrup PF. Self-rated health and functional capacity in individuals reporting overlapping symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome - a population based study. BMC Gastroenterol. 2017; 17:65.

38. Lee SW, Lee TY, Lien HC, Peng YC, Yeh HJ, Chang CS. Correlation between symptom severity and health-related life quality of a population with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroenterol Res. 2017; 10:78–83.

39. Yamasaki T, Fass R. Noncardiac chest pain: diagnosis and management. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2017; 33:293–300.

40. Al Saadi T, Idris A, Turk T, Alkhatib M. Epidemiology and risk factors of uninvestigated dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome, and gastroesophageal reflux disease among students of Damascus University, Syria. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2016; 6:285–293.

41. Hsu CS, Liu TT, Wen SH, Wang CC, Yi CH, Chen JH, et al. Clinical, metabolic, and psychological characteristics in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease overlap with irritable bowel syndrome. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015; 27:516–522.

42. Rasmussen S, Jensen TH, Henriksen SL, Haastrup PF, Larsen PV, Søndergaard J, et al. Overlap of symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease, dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome in the general population. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2015; 50:162–169.

43. Lee SW, Lien HC, Lee TY, Yang SS, Yeh HJ, Chang CS. Heartburn and regurgitation have different impacts on life quality of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2014; 20:12277–12282.

44. Hom C, Vaezi MF. Extraesophageal manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2013; 42:71–91.

45. Patel DA, Sharda R, Choksi YA, Slaughter JC, Higginbotham T, Garrett CG, et al. Model to select on-therapy vs off-therapy tests for patients with refractory esophageal or extra-esophageal symptoms. Gastroenterology. 2018; 155:1729–1740.e1.

46. Vaezi MF, Katzka D, Zerbib F. Extraesophageal symptoms and diseases attributed to GERD: where is the pendulum swinging now? Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018; 16:1018–1029.

47. Herregods TVK, Pauwels A, Tack J, Smout AJPM, Bredenoord AJ. Reflux-cough syndrome: assessment of temporal association between reflux episodes and cough bursts. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2017; 29.

48. Jung HK, Choi MG, Baek MK, Wu JC. Development and psychometric assessment of a self-evaluation questionnaire for gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2018; 24:584–592.

49. Hungin APS, Molloy-Bland M, Scarpignato C. Revisiting montreal: new insights into symptoms and their causes, and implications for the future of GERD. Am J Gastroenterol. 2018.

50. Li Y, Yu F, Niu L, Long Y, Tay FR, Chen J. Association between bruxism and symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease: a case-control study. J Dent. 2018; 77:51–58.

51. Gelardi M, Ciprandi G. Focus on gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR): new pragmatic insights in clinical practice. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2018; 32:Suppl. 2. 41–47.

52. Emilsson OI, Benediktsdóttir B, Ólafsson Í, Cook E, Júlíusson S, Berg S, et al. Definition of nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux for studies on respiratory diseases. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2016; 51:524–530.

53. Bashashati M, Hejazi RA, Andrews CN, Storr MA. Gastroesophageal reflux symptoms not responding to proton pump inhibitor: GERD, NERD, NARD, esophageal hypersensitivity or dyspepsia? Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014; 28:335–341.

54. Nasi A, Queiroz NS, Michelsohn NH. Prolonged gastroesophageal reflux monitoring by impedance-phmetry: a review of the subject pondered with our experience with 1,200 cases. Arq Gastroenterol. 2018; 55:Suppl 1. 76–84.

55. Gharib A, Forootan M, Sharifzadeh M, Abdi S, Darvishi M, Eghbali A. Diagnostic efficacy of 24-hr esophageal pH monitoring in patients with refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2018; 6:1235–1238.

56. Fisichella PM, Schlottmann F, Patti MG. Evaluation of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Updates Surg. 2018; 70:309–313.

57. Chae S, Richter JE. Wireless 24, 48, and 96 hour or impedance or oropharyngeal prolonged pH monitoring: which test, when, and why for GERD? Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2018; 20:52.

58. Świdnicka-Siergiejko AK, Wróblewski E, Hady HR, Łuba M, Dadan J, Dąbrowski A. Esophageal pH and impedance reflux parameters in relation to body mass index, obesity-related hormones, and bariatric procedures. Pol Arch Intern Med. 2018; 128:594–603.

59. Mochizuki N, Fujita T, Kobayashi M, Yamazaki Y, Terao S, Sanuki T, et al. Factors associated with the presentation of erosive esophagitis symptoms in health checkup subjects: a prospective, multicenter cohort study. PLoS One. 2018; 13:e0196848.

60. Ribolsi M, Cicala M, Zentilin P, Neri M, Mauro A, Efthymakis K, et al. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of refractoriness to optimal proton pump inhibitor therapy in non-erosive reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018; 48:1074–1081.

61. Dewan KR, Patowary BS, Bhattarai S, Shrestha G. Barrett's esophagus in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Nepal Health Res Counc. 2018; 16:144–148.

62. Schlottmann F, Andolfi C, Herbella FA, Rebecchi F, Allaix ME, Patti MG. GERD: presence and size of hiatal hernia influence clinical presentation, esophageal function, reflux profile, and degree of mucosal injury. Am Surg. 2018; 84:978–982.

63. Kahrilas P, Yadlapati R, Roman S. Emerging dilemmas in the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. F1000 Res. 2017; 6:1748.

64. Muñoz-Largacha JA, Fernando HC, Litle VR. Optimizing the diagnosis and therapy of Barrett's esophagus. J Thorac Dis. 2017; 9:S146–S153.

65. Omstead AN, Kosovec JE, Matsui D, Martin SA, Smith MA, Aaron Guel D, et al. Serial endoscopic evaluation of esophageal disease in a cancer model: a paradigm shift for esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) drug discovery and development. Cancer Invest. 2018; 36:363–370.

66. Liu S, Xu M, Yang J, Qi H, He F, Zhao X, et al. Research on gastroesophageal reflux disease based on dynamic features of ambulatory 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring. Comput Math Methods Med. 2017; 2017:9239074.

67. Fass R, Fennerty MB, Johnson C, Camargo L, Sampliner RE. Correlation of ambulatory 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring results with symptom improvement in patients with noncardiac chest pain due to gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1999; 28:36–39.

68. Chen CL, Orr WC. Analysis of 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring: the effect of state of consciousness. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2008; 10:258–262.

69. Vardar R, Keskin M. Indications of 24-h esophageal pH monitoring, capsule pH monitoring, combined pH monitoring with multichannel impedance, esophageal manometry, radiology and scintigraphy in gastroesophageal reflux disease? Turk J Gastroenterol. 2017; 28:S16–S21.

70. Frazzoni L, Frazzoni M, de Bortoli N, Tolone S, Martinucci I, Fuccio L, et al. Critical appraisal of Rome IV criteria: hypersensitive esophagus does belong to gastroesophageal reflux disease spectrum. Ann Gastroenterol. 2018; 31:1–7.

71. Campos GM, Peters JH, DeMeester TR, Oberg S, Crookes PF, Tan S, et al. Multivariate analysis of factors predicting outcome after laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. J Gastrointest Surg. 1999; 3:292–300.

72. Patel A, Wang D, Sainani N, Sayuk GS, Gyawali CP. Distal mean nocturnal baseline impedance on pH-impedance monitoring predicts reflux burden and symptomatic outcome in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016; 44:890–898.

73. Hoshino M, Omura N, Yano F, Tsuboi K, Yamamoto SR, Akimoto S, et al. Comparison of the multichannel intraluminal impedance pH and conventional pH for measuring esophageal acid exposure: a propensity score-matched analysis. Surg Endosc. 2017; 31:5241–5247.

74. Frazzoni M, de Bortoli N, Frazzoni L, Tolone S, Savarino V, Savarino E. Impedance-pH monitoring for diagnosis of reflux disease: new perspectives. Dig Dis Sci. 2017; 62:1881–1889.

75. Shin MS, Shim JO, Moon JS, Kim HS, Ko JS, Choi JH, et al. Impedance-pH monitoring and conventional pH monitoring are complementary methods to detect association between gastroesophageal reflux and apnea-related symptoms in preterm infants and neonates. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012; 25:2406–2410.

76. Vela MF. Diagnostic work-up of GERD. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2014; 24:655–666.

77. Lord RV, DeMeester SR, Peters JH, Hagen JA, Elyssnia D, Sheth CT, et al. Hiatal hernia, lower esophageal sphincter incompetence, and effectiveness of Nissen fundoplication in the spectrum of gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Gastrointest Surg. 2009; 13:602–610.

78. Zevin B, Jones EL, Martin Del Campo SE, Perry KA. Omission of preoperative esophageal manometry does not alter operative approach or postoperative dysphagia following laparoscopic paraesophageal hernia repair. Dis Esophagus. 2017; 30:1–6.

79. Herbella FA, Andolfi C, Vigneswaran Y, Patti MG, Pinna BR. Importance of esophageal manometry and pH monitoring for the evaluation of otorhinolaryngologic (ENT) manifestations of GERD. A multicenter study. J Gastrointest Surg. 2016; 20:1673–1678.

80. Gyawali CP, Roman S, Bredenoord AJ, Fox M, Keller J, Pandolfino JE, et al. Classification of esophageal motor findings in gastro-esophageal reflux disease: conclusions from an international consensus group. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2017; 29.

81. Savarino EV, Tolone S, Bartolo O, de Cassan C, Caccaro R, Galeazzi F, et al. The GerdQ questionnaire and high resolution manometry support the hypothesis that proton pump inhibitor-responsive oesophageal eosinophilia is a GERD-related phenomenon. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016; 44:522–530.

82. Sharma BG, Khanna K, Kumar N, Nishad DK, Basu M, Bhatnagar A. Development and gamma scintigraphy evaluation of gastro retentive calcium ion-based oral formulation: an innovative approach for the management of gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD). Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2017; 43:1759–1769.

83. Ahuja NK, Clarke JO. The role of impedance planimetry in the evaluation of esophageal disorders. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2017; 19:7.

84. Rey JW, Deris N, Marquardt JU, Thomaidis T, Moehler M, Kittner JM, et al. High-definition endoscopy with iScan and Lugol's solution for the detection of inflammation in patients with nonerosive reflux disease: histologic evaluation in comparison with a control group. Dis Esophagus. 2016; 29:185–191.

85. Assirati FS, Hashimoto CL, Dib RA, Fontes LH, Navarro-Rodriguez T. High definition endoscopy and “narrow band imaging” in the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Arq Bras Cir Dig. 2014; 27:59–65.

86. Rey E, Barceló M, Zapardiel J, Sobreviela E, Muñoz M, Díaz-Rubio M. Is the reflux disease questionnaire useful for identifying GERD according to the Montreal definition? BMC Gastroenterol. 2014; 14:17.

87. Lundell L, Miettinen P, Myrvold HE, Pedersen SA, Liedman B, Hatlebakk JG, et al. Continued (5-year) followup of a randomized clinical study comparing antireflux surgery and omeprazole in gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Am Coll Surg. 2001; 192:172–179.

88. Lundell L, Miettinen P, Myrvold HE, Hatlebakk JG, Wallin L, Malm A, et al. Seven-year follow-up of a randomized clinical trial comparing proton-pump inhibition with surgical therapy for reflux oesophagitis. Br J Surg. 2007; 94:198–203.

89. Myrvold HE, Lundell L, Miettinen P, Pedersen SA, Liedman B, Hatlebakk J, et al. The cost of long term therapy for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a randomised trial comparing omeprazole and open antireflux surgery. Gut. 2001; 49:488–494.

90. Cookson R, Flood C, Koo B, Mahon D, Rhodes M. Short-term cost effectiveness and long-term cost analysis comparing laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication with proton-pump inhibitor maintenance for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Br J Surg. 2005; 92:700–706.

91. Mehta S, Bennett J, Mahon D, Rhodes M. Prospective trial of laparoscopic nissen fundoplication versus proton pump inhibitor therapy for gastroesophageal reflux disease: seven-year follow-up. J Gastrointest Surg. 2006; 10:1312–1316.

92. Epstein D, Bojke L, Sculpher MJ. REFLUX trial group. Laparoscopic fundoplication compared with medical management for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: cost effectiveness study. BMJ. 2009; 339:b2576.

93. Anvari M, Allen C, Marshall J, Armstrong D, Goeree R, Ungar W, et al. A randomized controlled trial of laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication versus proton pump inhibitors for the treatment of patients with chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): 3-year outcomes. Surg Endosc. 2011; 25:2547–2554.

94. Grant AM, Boachie C, Cotton SC, Faria R, Bojke L, Epstein DM, et al. Clinical and economic evaluation of laparoscopic surgery compared with medical management for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: 5-year follow-up of multicentre randomised trial (the REFLUX trial). Health Technol Assess. 2013; 17:1–167.

95. Hatlebakk JG, Zerbib F, Bruley des Varannes S, Attwood SE, Ell C, Fiocca R, et al. Gastroesophageal acid reflux control 5 years after antireflux surgery, compared with long-term esomeprazole therapy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016; 14:678–85.e3.

96. Emken BG, Lundell LR, Wallin L, Myrvold HE, Engström C, Montgomery M, et al. Effects of omeprazole or anti-reflux surgery on lower oesophageal sphincter characteristics and oesophageal acid exposure over 10 years. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2017; 52:11–17.

97. Mahon D, Rhodes M, Decadt B, Hindmarsh A, Lowndes R, Beckingham I, et al. Randomized clinical trial of laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication compared with proton-pump inhibitors for treatment of chronic gastro-oesophageal reflux. Br J Surg. 2005; 92:695–699.

98. Grant AM, Wileman SM, Ramsay CR, Mowat NA, Krukowski ZH, Heading RC, et al. Minimal access surgery compared with medical management for chronic gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: UK collaborative randomised trial. BMJ. 2008; 337:dec15 2. a2664.

99. Anvari M, Allen C. Surgical outcome in gastro-esophageal reflux disease patients with inadequate response to proton pump inhibitors. Surg Endosc. 2003; 17:1029–1035.

100. Wilkerson PM, Stratford J, Jones L, Sohanpal J, Booth MI, Dehn TC. A poor response to proton pump inhibition is not a contraindication for laparoscopic antireflux surgery for gastro esophageal reflux disease. Surg Endosc. 2005; 19:1272–1277.

101. Kamolz T, Granderath FA, Schweiger UM, Pointner R. Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication in patients with nonerosive reflux disease. Long-term quality-of-life assessment and surgical outcome. Surg Endosc. 2005; 19:494–500.

102. Kelly JJ, Watson DI, Chin KF, Devitt PG, Game PA, Jamieson GG. Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication: clinical outcomes at 10 years. J Am Coll Surg. 2007; 205:570–575.

103. Broeders JA, Rijnhart-de Jong HG, Draaisma WA, Bredenoord AJ, Smout AJ, Gooszen HG. Ten-year outcome of laparoscopic and conventional nissen fundoplication: randomized clinical trial. Ann Surg. 2009; 250:698–706.

104. Broeders JA, Draaisma WA, Bredenoord AJ, Smout AJ, Broeders IA, Gooszen HG. Long-term outcome of Nissen fundoplication in non-erosive and erosive gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Br J Surg. 2010; 97:845–852.

105. Lal P, Leekha N, Chander J, Dewan R, Ramteke VK. A prospective nonrandomized comparison of laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication and laparoscopic Toupet fundoplication in Indian population using detailed objective and subjective criteria. J Minim Access Surg. 2012; 8:39–44.

106. Cao Z, Cai W, Qin M, Zhao H, Yue P, Li Y. Randomized clinical trial of laparoscopic anterior 180° partial versus 360° Nissen fundoplication: 5-year results. Dis Esophagus. 2012; 25:114–120.

107. Kellokumpu I, Voutilainen M, Haglund C, Färkkilä M, Roberts PJ, Kautiainen H. Quality of life following laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication: assessing short-term and long-term outcomes. World J Gastroenterol. 2013; 19:3810–3818.

108. Hamdy E, El Nakeeb A, Hamed H, El Hemaly M, ElHak NG. Outcome of laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication for gastroesophageal reflux disease in non-responders to proton pump inhibitors. J Gastrointest Surg. 2014; 18:1557–1562.

109. Frazzoni M, Piccoli M, Conigliaro R, Manta R, Frazzoni L, Melotti G. Refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease as diagnosed by impedance-pH monitoring can be cured by laparoscopic fundoplication. Surg Endosc. 2013; 27:2940–2946.

110. Westcott CJ, Hopkins MB, Bach K, Postma GN, Belafsky PC, Koufman JA. Fundoplication for laryngopharyngeal reflux disease. J Am Coll Surg. 2004; 199:23–30.

111. Catania RA, Kavic SM, Roth JS, Lee TH, Meyer T, Fantry GT, et al. Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication effectively relieves symptoms in patients with laryngopharyngeal reflux. J Gastrointest Surg. 2007; 11:1579–1587.

112. Salminen P, Karvonen J, Ovaska J. Long-term outcomes after laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication for reflux laryngitis. Dig Surg. 2010; 27:509–514.

113. Yang Y, Wu H, Zhou J. Efficacy of acid suppression therapy in gastroesophageal reflux disease-related chronic laryngitis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016; 95:e4868.

114. Catarci M, Gentileschi P, Papi C, Carrara A, Marrese R, Gaspari AL, et al. Evidence-based appraisal of antireflux fundoplication. Ann Surg. 2004; 239:325–337.

115. Roks DJ, Broeders JA, Baigrie RJ. Long-term symptom control of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease 12 years after laparoscopic Nissen or 180° anterior partial fundoplication in a randomized clinical trial. Br J Surg. 2017; 104:852–856.

116. Broeders JA, Roks DJ, Ahmed Ali U, Watson DI, Baigrie RJ, Cao Z, et al. Laparoscopic anterior 180-degree versus nissen fundoplication for gastroesophageal reflux disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Ann Surg. 2013; 257:850–859.

117. Broeders JA, Roks DJ, Jamieson GG, Devitt PG, Baigrie RJ, Watson DI. Five-year outcome after laparoscopic anterior partial versus Nissen fundoplication: four randomized trials. Ann Surg. 2012; 255:637–642.

118. Broeders JA, Roks DJ, Ahmed Ali U, Draaisma WA, Smout AJ, Hazebroek EJ. Laparoscopic anterior versus posterior fundoplication for gastroesophageal reflux disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Ann Surg. 2011; 254:39–47.

119. Broeders JA, Mauritz FA, Ahmed Ali U, Draaisma WA, Ruurda JP, Gooszen HG, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of laparoscopic Nissen (posterior total) versus Toupet (posterior partial) fundoplication for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Br J Surg. 2010; 97:1318–1330.

120. Hagedorn C, Lönroth H, Rydberg L, Ruth M, Lundell L. Long-term efficacy of total (Nissen-Rossetti) and posterior partial (Toupet) fundoplication: results of a randomized clinical trial. J Gastrointest Surg. 2002; 6:540–545.

121. Williamson WA, Ellis FH Jr, Streitz JM Jr, Shahian DM. Paraesophageal hiatal hernia: is an antireflux procedure necessary? Ann Thorac Surg. 1993; 56:447–451.

122. Morris-Stiff G, Hassn A. Laparoscopic paraoesophageal hernia repair: fundoplication is not usually indicated. Hernia. 2008; 12:299–302.

123. Draaisma WA, Gooszen HG, Tournoij E, Broeders IA. Controversies in paraesophageal hernia repair: a review of literature. Surg Endosc. 2005; 19:1300–1308.

124. Casabella F, Sinanan M, Horgan S, Pellegrini CA. Systematic use of gastric fundoplication in laparoscopic repair of paraesophageal hernias. Am J Surg. 1996; 171:485–489.

125. Oelschlager BK, Petersen RP, Brunt LM, Soper NJ, Sheppard BC, Mitsumori L, et al. Laparoscopic paraesophageal hernia repair: defining long-term clinical and anatomic outcomes. J Gastrointest Surg. 2012; 16:453–459.

126. Müller-Stich BP, Achtstätter V, Diener MK, Gondan M, Warschkow R, Marra F, et al. Repair of paraesophageal hiatal hernias—is a fundoplication needed? A randomized controlled pilot trial. J Am Coll Surg. 2015; 221:602–610.