Diabetes Metab J.  2012 Apr;36(2):157-162. 10.4093/dmj.2012.36.2.157.

Relationship between Opium Abuse and Severity of Depression in Type 2 Diabetic Patients

• Zahra S
• Hossein S
• Ali KV

• KMID: 2281419
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2012.36.2.157

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Opium use in diabetic populations is associated with major depressive disorder (MDD). This study was designed to investigate the relationship between opium use and severity of depression in Iranian diabetic patients.
METHODS
In this case-control study, 642 type 2 diabetic patients were recruited from those presenting at two outpatient clinics at the Akhavan Hospital in Kashan, Iran; of them, 600 diabetic patients were included in the study and divided into two groups: opium-abusers (150 patients) and non-opium-abusers (450 patients). Clinical and demographic information was obtained through a detailed questionnaire. Depression symptomalogy and severity were assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and a corresponding diagnosis was made based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV, Text Revision, 2000 (DSM-IV TR) criteria.
RESULTS
The mean depression score was higher in the opium abuse group than in the non-abuser group (29.27+/-1.44 vs. 18.29+/-1.31, P<0.001). In general, a significant association was found between opium abuse and depression among patients (odds ratio [OR], 4.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.87 to 7.44; P=0.001). No significant relationship was found between dysthymia and opium abuse (OR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.18 to 1.192; P=0.155), while MDD was significantly higher in the opium abuser group (OR, 7.32; 95% CI, 5.20 to 12.01; P<0.001).
CONCLUSION
Depression is more frequent in opium-dependent diabetic patients, and its severity is also greater. Given these findings, opium-dependent diabetic patients should be advised about the increased risks of depression and related comorbidities.

Keyword

Depression; Diabetes mellitus; Opium

MeSH Terms

Ambulatory Care Facilities
Case-Control Studies
Comorbidity
Depression
Depressive Disorder, Major
Diabetes Mellitus
Humans
Opium
Surveys and Questionnaires
Opium

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