Korean J Community Nutr.  2015 Apr;20(2):109-119. 10.5720/kjcn.2015.20.2.109.

A Comparison of Salty Taste Assessment, Dietary Attitude and Dietary Behavior among Adult and Senior Women by Region and by Age in Korea

• Jiang L
• Jung YY
• Kim HS
• Nam GS
• Yun JS
• Kim JW
• Lee YK

• KMID: 2268695
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2015.20.2.109

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to compare and analyze the results of salty taste assessment, dietary attitudes, and dietary behaviors among adult and senior women by region and by age. The results generated from this was expected to provide fundamental data for implementing a nationwide salt reduction education program.
METHODS
The salty taste assessment tool was applied to 4,064 subjects from 15 areas in Korea. Also, a survey of dietary attitude and dietary behavior related to salt intake was conducted for all subjects participated in this study.
RESULTS
The salty taste assessment scores by region and by age were the lowest in capital (p < 0.01) and was highest among the 70+ year age group (p < 0.01). The dietary attitude scores and dietary behavior scores showed that Gyeongsang was the highest (p < 0.001) and the capital was the lowest. The dietary attitude scores were highest at 20&30's followed by 40's and 70's group (p < 0.001). Dietary behavior scores showed that 20's~30's and 40's groups were higher than the other age groups (p < 0.001). The score of 'I like kimchi' was 3.46 +/- 0.88, which was the highest among 10 dietary behavior questions. The score of 'I eat a lot of kimchi' was 3.30 +/- 0.90, which was the highest among 10 dietary behavior questions related to salt intake. The scores of salty taste assessment had significant positive correlations between the scores of dietary attitude (p < 0.001), dietary behavior (p < 0.001) and self-awareness (p < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results of salty taste assessment, we observed a tendency that older people and regions except the capital had higher preference for salty taste. Our results suggested the necessity for a nationwide salty reduction education program tailored for regions and for different age groups.

Keyword

salty taste; salty taste assessment; dietary attitude; dietary behavior

MeSH Terms

Adult*
Education
Female
Humans
Korea

Reference

1. Ahn SH, Kwon JS, Kim K, Yoon JS, Kang BW, Kim JW, Heo S, Cho HY, Kim HK. Study on the eating habits and practicability of guidelines for reducing sodium intake according to the stage of change in housewives. Korean J Community Nutr. 2012; 17(6):724–736.

2. Chang SO. Effect of a 6-month low sodium diet on the salt taste perception and pleasantness, blood pressure and the urinary sodium excretion in female college students. Korean J Nutr Health. 2010; 43(5):433–442.

3. Chang UJ, Jo JN. The relationship between food intake, sodium intake and satiety rate and the methods of consuming soup. J Korean Diet Assoc. 2009; 15(4):397–404.

4. Cho YY. Practice guidelines for reducing salt intake. Korean J Community Nutr. 2002; 7(3):394–400.

5. Chung HR. Policy approaches to reduce sodium intake of the public. Korean J Community Nutr. 2002; 7(3):405–409.

6. Chung EJ, Shim E. Salt-related dietary behaviors and sodium intake of university students in Gyeonggi-do. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr. 2008; 37(5):578–588.

7. Contreras RJ. Salt taste and disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 1978; 31(6):1088–1097.

8. Kim EK, Nam HW, Park YS, Myung CY, Lee KW. Nutrition through the Life Cycle. Shinkwang, Seoul: 2008. p. 232–264.

9. Kim EK, Yoo MY, Jean KS. Blood pressure, salt threshold, salt preference, urinary excretions and nutrition knowledge about blood pressure of elementary school children in rural area. Korean J Nutr. 1993; 26(5):625–638.

10. Kim HH, Lee YK. Analysis of presumed sodium intake of office workers using 24-hour urine analysis and correlation matrix between variables. Korean J Nutr. 2013; 46(1):26–33.

11. Kim JH, Chio MK. Salt intake behavior and blood pressure: the effect of taste sensitivity and preference. J Korean Living Sci Assoc. 2007; 16(4):837–848.

12. Kim HH, Jung YY, Lee YK. A Comparison of salty taste assessments and dietary attitudes and dietary behaviors associated with high-salt diets in four regions in Korea. Korean J Community Nutr. 2012; 17(1):38–48.

13. Kim HH, Shin EK, Lee HJ, Lee NH, Chun BY, Ann MY, Lee YK. Evaluation of the effectiveness of a salt reduction program for employees. Korean J Nutr. 2009; 42(4):350–357.

14. Kim KS, Paik HY. A comparative study on optimum gustation of salt and sodium intake in young and middle-aged Korean women. Korean J Nutr. 1992; 25(1):32–41.

15. Kim MO. A Study on the level of perception of the health condition of Koreans and Americans in Virginia, USA and their preference for salty taste. Korean J Food Nutr. 2014; 27(4):716–724.

16. Kim SJ, Kang SJ, Park YJ, Hwang JY. The association between changes in food and nutrient intakes and changes in bone metabolic indicators in postmenopausal women with osteopenia after a 12-week intervention of nutrition education and aerobic exercise. Korean J Community Nutr. 2013; 18(3):213–222.

17. Kim YS, Lee HM, Kim JH. Sodium-related eating behaviors of parents and its relationship to eating behaviors of their preschool children. Korean J Community Nutr. 2015; 20(1):11–20.

18. Kim YS, Paik HY. Measurement of Na intake in Korean adult female. Korean J Nutr. 1987; 20(5):341–349.

19. Lee YK, Jung YY, Jiang L. Development of computer program for salty taste assessment C-2012-010584. 2012. cited May 31, 2012. Available from http://www.saltdown.com/.

20. Lee YK, Nam GS, Kim HS, Jung YY, Jiang L. Development, application of salty taste assessment kit. Report of Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety;2011. cited November 11, 2011. Available from http://report. ndsl.kr/repDetail.do?cn=TRKO201200007080.

21. Lee YK, Shin EK, Lee HJ. Salty taste assessment tool. Patent. 2007; 10-0937610.

22. Matsuzuki H, Muto T, Haruyama Y. School children's salt intake is correlated with salty taste preference assessed by their mothers. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2008; 215(1):71–77.

23. Ministry of Health and Welfare. Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2013 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANESVI-1). 2014. cited December 16, 2014. Available from http://knhanes.cdc.go.kr.

24. Moon HK, Choi SO, Kim JE. Dishes contributing to sodium intake of elderly living in rural areas. Korean J Community Nutr. 2009; 14(1):123–136.

25. Morino T, Langford HG. Salivary sodium correlates with salt recognition threshold. Physiol Behav. 1978; 21(1):45–48.

26. Nam HW, Lee KY. A study on the sodium and potassium intakes and their metabolism of the pregnant women in Korea. Korean J Nutr. 1985; 18(3):194–200.

27. Nordin S, Razani LJ, Markison S, Murphy C. Age-associated increases in intensity discrimination for taste. Exp Aging Res. 2003; 29(3):371–381.

28. Park YS, Son SM, Lim WJ, Kim SB, Chung YS. Comparison of dietary behaviors related to sodium intake by gender and age. Korean J Community Nutr. 2008; 13(1):1–12.

29. Preuss H, Clouatre DL. Sodium, chloride and potassium. Present knowledge in nutrition. USA: Wiley-Blackwell;2003. p. 497–513.

30. Shin EK, Lee HJ, Ahn MY, Lee YK. Study on the development and evaluation of validity of salty taste assessment tool. Korean J Nutr. 2008; 41(2):184–191.

31. Shin EK, Lee HJ, Lee HJ, Lee JJ, Ann MY, Son SM, Lee YK. Estimation of sodium intake of adult female by 24-hour urine analysis, dietary records and dish frequency questionnaire (DFQ 55). Korean J Nutr. 2010; 43(1):79–85.

32. Son SM, Huh GY, Lee HS. Development and evaluation of validity of dish frequency questionnaire (DFQ) and short DFQ using Na index for estimation of habitual sodium intake. Korean J Community Nutr. 2005; 10(5):677–692.

33. Song MR, Lee KJ. Salinity and consumption patterns of Kimchi and soup, stew in Jeonju area. Korean J Food Cook Sci. 2008; 24(1):84–91.

34. Yoon JS, Lee MJ. Calcium status and bone mineral density by the level of sodium intake in young women. Korean J Community Nutr. 2013; 18(2):125–133.