Korean J Med.  2008 Jul;75(1):27-36.

Hepatic encephalopathy

• Kim CW

Abstract

Hepatic encephalopathy, one of the major complications of cirrhosis, is a neuropsychiatric syndrome caused by accumulation of toxins in the central nervous system following dysfunction in liver detoxification. Various manifestations makes it difficulty to diagnose and categorize hepatic encephalopathy. For the consistency in diagnosis and staging of hepatic encephalopathy, standardized nomenclature regarding forms of hepatic encephalopathy was proposed recently. Due to the poor understanding of pathophysiology, effective prevention or treatment options are limited. Based on the theory that intestinal-derived ammonia plays major role in the development of hepatic encephalopathy, therapeutic approaches are directed at reducing intestinal bacterial production of ammonia and facilitating its elimination. Non-absorbable disaccharides, antibiotics such as rifaximin and L-ornithine-L-aspartate are main therapies for hepatic encephalopathy. Alternative therapies such as benzodiazepine receptor antagonists, branched-chain amino acids, sodium benzoate and acarbose have limited data supporting their use. Precipitating factors must be looked into carefully and corrected immediately because most patients are usually present with precipitating factors. Hepatic encephalopathy without precipitating factors shows poor prognosis and could be candidate of liver transplantation.

Keyword

Hepatic encephalopathy; Terminology; Physiopathology; Therapy

MeSH Terms

Acarbose
Amino Acids, Branched-Chain
Ammonia
Anti-Bacterial Agents
Central Nervous System
Complementary Therapies
Dipeptides
Disaccharides
Fibrosis
Hepatic Encephalopathy
Humans
Liver
Precipitating Factors
Prognosis
Receptors, GABA-A
Rifamycins
Sodium Benzoate
Acarbose
Amino Acids, Branched-Chain
Ammonia
Anti-Bacterial Agents
Dipeptides
Disaccharides
Receptors, GABA-A
Rifamycins
Sodium Benzoate