J Bone Metab.  2015 May;22(2):71-75. 10.11005/jbm.2015.22.2.71.

The Reference Value of Skeletal Muscle Mass Index for Defining the Sarcopenia of Women in Korea

• Kwon HJ
• Ha YC
• Park HM

• KMID: 2170090
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2015.22.2.71

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Sarcopenia is considering important disease entity in elderly. Several study groups define the sum of the muscle masses of the four limbs as appendicular skeletal mass (ASM) to calculate skeletal muscle index (SMI). The purpose of this study was to determine cut point of SMI for sarcopenia in Korean women.
METHODS
This study was based on data obtained from the 2008 to 2011 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) IV and V. A whole body dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scan were performed on individuals of > or =10 years old from July 2008 to May 2011. In the analysis, 11,633 women were included. ASM was calculated and SMI was obtained as ASM/height2. Cutoff value was defined two standard deviations below mean values for young reference group.
RESULTS
Of 11,633 women aged 10 to 97 years, mean and standard deviation of year was 46.73+/-18.54 years. The highest level of height was noted in 20's and the highest total sum of skeletal mass was seen 14.87 kg in 40's. The highest value of SMI was noted in 60's in Korean women. Cutoff value as mean value of young women was decided with SMI of 30's and 40's that have peak ASM. Mean and standard deviation of SMI in those ages was 5.9+/-0.7 kg/m2. A SMI of two standard deviations below the mean SMI of reference groups was 4.4 kg/m2 as cutoff value.
CONCLUSIONS
This study shows that 4.4 kg/m2 of SMI in Korean women was cutoff value of sarcopenia. Further study is clearly required to decide cutoff value of SMI for sarcopenia, especially for Korean women.

Keyword

Diagnosis; Muscle skeletal; Sarcopenia

MeSH Terms

Absorptiometry, Photon
Aged
Diagnosis
Extremities
Female
Humans
Korea
Muscle, Skeletal*
Nutrition Surveys
Reference Values*
Sarcopenia*

Figure

• 

  Fig. 1 (A) Distribution of appendicular skeletal muscle (ASM), which indicates peak ASM in 40's. (B) Distribution of height, which indicates sharp decrease as age increases. (C) Distribution of skeletal mass index (SMI), which indicates peak SMI in 60's.

Reference

1. Rosenberg IH. Sarcopenia: origins and clinical relevance. J Nutr. 1997; 127:990S–991S.

2. Delmonico MJ, Harris TB, Lee JS, et al. Alternative definitions of sarcopenia, lower extremity performance, and functional impairment with aging in older men and women. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007; 55:769–774.

3. Goodpaster BH, Park SW, Harris TB, et al. The loss of skeletal muscle strength, mass, and quality in older adults: the health, aging and body composition study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2006; 61:1059–1064.

4. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, et al. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Age Ageing. 2010; 39:412–423.

5. Studenski SA, Peters KW, Alley DE, et al. The FNIH sarcopenia project: rationale, study description, conference recommendations, and final estimates. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2014; 69:547–558.

6. Wang ZM, Visser M, Ma R, et al. Skeletal muscle mass: evaluation of neutron activation and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry methods. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1996; 80:824–831.

7. Chien MY, Huang TY, Wu YT. Prevalence of sarcopenia estimated using a bioelectrical impedance analysis prediction equation in community-dwelling elderly people in Taiwan. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008; 56:1710–1715.

8. Chen LK, Liu LK, Woo J, et al. Sarcopenia in Asia: consensus report of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014; 15:95–101.

9. Fielding RA, Vellas B, Evans WJ, et al. International working group on sarcopenia. Sarcopenia: an undiagnosed condition in older adults. Current consensus definition: prevalence, etiology, and consequences. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2011; 12:249–256.

10. Chastin SF, Ferriolli E, Stephens NA, et al. Relationship between sedentary behaviour, physical activity, muscle quality and body composition in healthy older adults. Age Ageing. 2012; 41:111–114.

11. Landi F, Liperoti R, Fusco D, et al. Sarcopenia and mortality among older nursing home residents. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2012; 13:121–126.

12. Lim TO, Ding LM, Zaki M, et al. Distribution of body weight, height and body mass index in a national sample of Malaysian adults. Med J Malaysia. 2000; 55:108–128.

13. Cheng Q, Zhu X, Zhang X, et al. A cross-sectional study of loss of muscle mass corresponding to sarcopenia in healthy Chinese men and women: reference values, prevalence, and association with bone mass. J Bone Miner Metab. 2014; 32:78–88.

14. Marwaha RK, Garg MK, Bhadra K, et al. Assessment of lean (muscle) mass and its distribution by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in healthy Indian females. Arch Osteoporos. 2014; 9:186.

15. Wen X, Wang M, Jiang CM, et al. Are current definitions of sarcopenia applicable for older Chinese adults? J Nutr Health Aging. 2011; 15:847–851.

16. Baumgartner RN, Koehler KM, Gallagher D, et al. Epidemiology of sarcopenia among the elderly in New Mexico. Am J Epidemiol. 1998; 147:755–763.

17. Iannuzzi-Sucich M, Prestwood KM, Kenny AM. Prevalence of sarcopenia and predictors of skeletal muscle mass in healthy, older men and women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2002; 57:M772–M777.

18. Cawthon PM, Marshall LM, Michael Y, et al. Frailty in older men: prevalence, progression, and relationship with mortality. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007; 55:1216–1223.

19. Kim TN, Yang SJ, Yoo HJ, et al. Prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in Korean adults: the Korean sarcopenic obesity study. Int J Obes (Lond). 2009; 33:885–892.

20. Kim S, Won CW, Kim BS, et al. The association between the low muscle mass and osteoporosis in elderly Korean people. J Korean Med Sci. 2014; 29:995–1000.