J Vet Sci.  2015 Mar;16(1):47-55. 10.4142/jvs.2015.16.1.47.

Autologous processed plasma: cytokine profile and effects upon injection into healthy equine joints

• Moreira JJ
• Moraes AP
• Brossi PM
• Machado TS
• Michelacci YM
• Massoco CO
• Baccarin R

• KMID: 2160820
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.2015.16.1.47

Abstract

This experimental controlled study was performed to evaluate the composition of autologous processed plasma (APP), and the effects of APP intra-articular injection into healthy equine metacarpophalangeal joints. The effects on joints were analysed with a short-phase protocol and a prolonged-phase protocol using saline-injected joints as controls. For the short protocol, horses received one intra-articular APP injection. Synovial fluid samples were collected prior to the injection and 3, 6, 24, 48, and 16 h after treatment. For the prolonged protocol, the joints received three weekly injections of APP, and samples were collected at 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days before APP administration. IL1-ra level was found to be increased in APP compared to plasma. Upon intra-articular administration of APP, transient (up to 24 h) increases in white blood cell (WBC) counts along with elevated protein and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) concentrations were observed in the treated joints. Over the 28-day observation period, APP did not elicit changes relative to baseline levels, but WBC counts, PGE2 and chondroitin sulphate concentrations were lower than those found in the control. In conclusion, APP intra-articular injection induced a mild and transitory inflammatory response but no inflammation reaction was observed over a longer period of treatment and observation.

Keyword

autologous processed plasma; equine; inflammatory markers; joint; synovial fluid

MeSH Terms

Animals
Cytokines/*metabolism
*Horses
Injections, Intra-Articular
Metacarpophalangeal Joint/*drug effects
Plasma/*chemistry
Time Factors
Cytokines

Figure

• 

  Fig. 1 Nucleated cell counts (WBC, cell/µL) and concentrations (expressed as average ± standard error [SE]) of total protein, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and chondroitin sulphate (CS) from APP-treated and saline-injected groups during the short-phase protocol (0~168 h). All concentrations are expressed as urea ratios to correct for possible fluid volume variations. *Statistically significant differences compared to the saline-injected (control) group (p < 0.05); †Statistically significant differences compared to the baseline levels for each group (p < 0.05).

• 

  Fig. 2 Agarose gel electrophoresis of glycosaminoglycans isolated from equine synovial fluid samples collected during the short- and prolonged-phase protocols (A and B), and hyaluronic acid concentrations from APP-treated and saline-injected groups during the shortand prolonged-phase protocols (C and D). All concentrations are expressed as urea ratios to correct for possible fluid volume variations. CS: chondroitin sulphate, HA: hyaluronic acid, HAS: hyaluronic acid standard, CSS: chondroitin sulphate standard.

• 

  Fig. 3 Cytokine profiles of synovial fluid from the APP-treated and saline-injected groups collected during the short-phase and prolonged-phase protocols. All concentrations are expressed as urea ratios to correct for possible fluid volume variations. TNFα: tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-1ra: interleukin 1 receptor antagonist, d: day. †Statistically significant differences compared to baseline values (p < 0.05).

• 

  Fig. 4 Nucleated cell counts (WBC, cell/µL) and concentrations (expressed as average ± SE) of total protein, PGE2, and CS for the APP-treated and saline-injected groups during the prolonged-phase protocol (0~28 days). All concentrations are expressed as urea ratios to correct for possible fluid volume variations. *Statistically significant differences compared to the saline-tinjected (control) group (p < 0.05). †Statistically significant differences compared to the baseline levels for each group (p < 0.05).

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