Epidemiol Health.
2024;46(1):e2024083. 10.4178/epih.e2024083.
Sex-specific associations between dietary legume subtypes and type 2 diabetes in a prospective cohort study
- Affiliations
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- 1Department of Preventive Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- 2Institute for Health and Society, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
- 3Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Guri, Korea
- 4Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University, Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
- 5Department of Preventive Medicine and Institute of Occupational Medicine, Yonsei Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
- 6Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- KMID: 2564553
- DOI: http://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2024083
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Dietary soy, known for its high phytoestrogen content, has been suggested to exhibit a sex-specific association with type 2 diabetes. However, evidence regarding the sex-specific associations of different legume subtypes with type 2 diabetes remains scarce. We aimed to evaluate whether habitual consumption of soy and non-soy legumes (beans and peanuts) was prospectively and sex-specifically associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes incidence, taking into considering significant sex-specific genetic factors beyond legume consumption.
METHODS
A total of 16,666 participants (96,945 person-years) were followed and 945 incident cases were observed. Cumulative intake of legume subtypes was calculated using a food frequency questionnaire administered at baseline and during the revisit surveys.
RESULTS
Non-soy legumes are inversely associated with type 2 diabetes in both men and women. Dietary soy intake, however, demonstrated a unilaterally interacting sex-specific association with type 2 diabetes risk (pinteraction for sex=0.017). Specifically, there was a significant inverse association with type 2 diabetes risk in women (incidence rate ratio, 0.66; 95% confidence interval, 0.48 to 0.80; ptrend=0.007), but no such association was observed in men. This sex-specific association persisted and even appeared antagonistic in minor allele carriers of 2 novel single nucleotide polymorphisms, rs10196939 (LRRTM4) and rs11750158 (near GFPT2) (pinteraction for sex=0.001 and 0.011, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS
Habitual consumption of legumes shows protective impacts against type 2 diabetes, although these benefits vary by sex. Non-soy legumes provide health advantages for both men and women, whereas soy consumption seems to be beneficial exclusively for women.
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