Nutr Res Pract.  2024 Feb;18(1):132-148. 10.4162/nrp.2024.18.1.132.

Associations between food consumption/dietary habits and the risks of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension: a cross-sectional study in Jakarta, Indonesia

• Irna Sakir NA
• Hwang SB
• Park HJ
• Lee BH

• KMID: 2552266
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2024.18.1.132

Abstract

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to assess the current mean daily intake of 10 food groups, analyze the sociodemographic factors associated with food consumption, and determine the associations between food consumption/dietary intake and the prevalence rates of obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and hypertension (HTN) in Jakarta, Indonesia.
SUBJECTS/METHODS
A total of 600 participants aged 20–85 yrs were included in this crosssectional study. Food consumption and dietary habits were assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. To determine the association between food consumption/dietary habits and the abovementioned diseases, logistic regression analysis was performed.
RESULTS
The average vegetable and fruit intake was lower, while sugar and salt consumption were higher than that recommended by Indonesia’s national dietary guidelines. A high intake of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) was associated with young age, men, “single” status, a high education level, and employment with a high monthly income. Obesity and T2D were positively correlated with high intakes of cereals and tubers, UPFs, sugars, fats, and oils. Conversely, an inverse association was found between legume, vegetable, and fruit consumption and obesity risk. An inverse correlation was also observed between vegetable consumption and T2D risk. Moreover, a high salt intake was inversely correlated with fruit consumption in terms of HTN risk. Non-indulgence in habitual late-night snacking and refrainment from consuming more than one dish at each meal were also negatively related to the prevalence of obesity, T2D, and HTN. Inverse correlations were also observed between the prevalence rates of T2D and HTN and abstaining from adding sugar to beverages.
CONCLUSION
Foods high in fat, sugar, and sodium were strongly associated with the risks of obesity, T2D, and HTN. Additionally, poor eating habits were also associated with disease development.

Keyword

Food intake; dietary habits; obesity; diabetes mellitus; hypertension

Reference

1. Colozza D, Avendano M. Urbanisation, dietary change and traditional food practices in Indonesia: a longitudinal analysis. Soc Sci Med. 2019; 233:103–112. PMID: 31195191.

2. Oddo VM, Maehara M, Rah JH. Overweight in Indonesia: an observational study of trends and risk factors among adults and children. BMJ Open. 2019; 9:e031198.

3. Afshin A, Sur PJ, Fay KA, Cornaby L, Ferrara G, Salama JS, Mullany EC, Abate KH, Abbafati C, Abebe Z, et al. Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2019; 393:1958–1972. PMID: 30954305.

4. Basic Health Research. National Report of Riskesdas [Internet]. Jakarta: Ministry of Health;2018. cited 2022 December 11. Available from: https://kesmas.kemkes.go.id/assets/upload/dir_519d41d8cd98f00/files/Hasil-riskesdas-2018_1274.pdf.

5. Fatihah F, Ng BK, Hazwanie H, Norimah AK, Shanita SN, Ruzita AT, Poh BK. Development and validation of a food frequency questionnaire for dietary intake assessment among multi-ethnic primary school-aged children. Singapore Med J. 2015; 56:687–694. PMID: 26702165.

6. BPS Statistic Indonesia. Indonesia: Perencanaan Pembangunan [Internet]. Jakarta: BPS Statistic Indonesia;2019. cited 2023 January 21. Available from: https://www.bps.go.id/indikator.

7. Craig CL, Marshall AL, Sjöström M, Bauman AE, Booth ML, Ainsworth BE, Pratt M, Ekelund U, Yngve A, Sallis JF, et al. International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003; 35:1381–1395. PMID: 12900694.

8. Sawada K, Takemi Y, Murayama N, Ishida H. Relationship between rice consumption and body weight gain in Japanese workers: white versus brown rice/multigrain rice. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2019; 44:528–532. PMID: 30312545.

9. Radhika G, Van Dam RM, Sudha V, Ganesan A, Mohan V. Refined grain consumption and the metabolic syndrome in urban Asian Indians (Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study 57). Metabolism. 2009; 58:675–681. PMID: 19375591.

10. Juul F, Martinez-Steele E, Parekh N, Monteiro CA, Chang VW. Ultra-processed food consumption and excess weight among US adults. Br J Nutr. 2018; 120:90–100. PMID: 29729673.

11. He K, Hu FB, Colditz GA, Manson JE, Willett WC, Liu S. Changes in intake of fruits and vegetables in relation to risk of obesity and weight gain among middle-aged women. Int J Obes. 2004; 28:1569–1574.

12. Slavin JL, Lloyd B. Health benefits of fruits and vegetables. Adv Nutr. 2012; 3:506–516. PMID: 22797986.

13. Bhavadharini B, Mohan V, Dehghan M, Rangarajan S, Swaminathan S, Rosengren A, Wielgosz A, Avezum A, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Lanas F, et al. White rice intake and incident diabetes: a study of 132,373 participants in 21 countries. Diabetes Care. 2020; 43:2643–2650. PMID: 32873587.

14. Shobana S, Lakshmipriya N, Bai MR, Gayathri R, Ruchi V, Sudha V, Malleshi NG, Krishnaswamy K, Henry CK, Anjana RM, et al. Even minimal polishing of an Indian parboiled brown rice variety leads to increased glycemic responses. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2017; 26:829–836. PMID: 28802292.

15. Pletsch EA, Hamaker BR. Brown rice compared to white rice slows gastric emptying in humans. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2018; 72:367–373. PMID: 29235555.

16. Srour B, Fezeu LK, Kesse-Guyot E, Allès B, Debras C, Druesne-Pecollo N, Chazelas E, Deschasaux M, Hercberg S, Galan P, et al. Ultra-processed food consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes among participants of the NutriNet-Santé prospective cohort. JAMA Intern Med. 2020; 180:283–291. PMID: 31841598.

17. Cox S, Sandall A, Smith L, Rossi M, Whelan K. Food additive emulsifiers: a review of their role in foods, legislation and classifications, presence in food supply, dietary exposure, and safety assessment. Nutr Rev. 2021; 79:726–741. PMID: 32626902.

18. Bhowmik B, Siddiquee T, Mujumder A, Afsana F, Ahmed T, Mdala IA, do V Moreira NC, Khan AK, Hussain A, Holmboe-Ottesen G, et al. Serum lipid profile and its association with diabetes and prediabetes in a rural Bangladeshi population. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018; 15:1–12.

19. Gulati S, Misra A. Sugar intake, obesity, and diabetes in India. Nutrients. 2014; 6:5955–5974. PMID: 25533007.

20. Stanhope KL, Havel PJ. Fructose consumption: potential mechanisms for its effects to increase visceral adiposity and induce dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2008; 19:16–24. PMID: 18196982.

21. Pokharel P, Kyrø C, Olsen A, Tjønneland A, Murray K, Blekkenhorst LC, Bondonno CP, Hodgson JM, Bondonno NP. Vegetable, but not potato, intake is associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes in the Danish diet, cancer and health cohort. Diabetes Care. 2023; 46:286–296. PMID: 36463930.

22. Walia A, Gupta AK, Sharma V. Role of bioactive compounds in human health. Acta Sci Med Sci. 2019; 3:25–33.

23. Zhao D, Qi Y, Zheng Z, Wang Y, Zhang XY, Li HJ, Liu HH, Zhang XT, Du J, Liu J. Dietary factors associated with hypertension. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2011; 8:456–465. PMID: 21727918.

24. Erdem Y, Arici M, Altun B, Turgan C, Sindel S, Erbay B, Derici U, Karatan O, Hasanoglu E, Caglar S. The relationship between hypertension and salt intake in Turkish population: SALTURK study. Blood Press. 2010; 19:313–318. PMID: 20698734.

25. He FJ, Markandu ND, Sagnella GA, de Wardener HE, MacGregor GA. Plasma sodium: ignored and underestimated. Hypertension. 2005; 45:98–102. PMID: 15557392.

26. Wu L, Sun D, He Y. Fruit and vegetables consumption and incident hypertension: dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Hum Hypertens. 2016; 30:573–580. PMID: 27306085.

27. Borgi L, Muraki I, Satija A, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Forman JP. Fruit and vegetable consumption and the incidence of hypertension in three prospective cohort studies. Hypertension. 2016; 67:288–293. PMID: 26644239.

28. Chong MF, Macdonald R, Lovegrove JA. Fruit polyphenols and CVD risk: a review of human intervention studies. Br J Nutr. 2010; 104(Suppl 3):S28–S39. PMID: 20955648.

29. Yoshida J, Eguchi E, Nagaoka K, Ito T, Ogino K. Association of night eating habits with metabolic syndrome and its components: a longitudinal study. BMC Public Health. 2018; 18:1366. PMID: 30537972.

30. Gouda M, Matsukawa M, Iijima H. Associations between eating habits and glycemic control and obesity in Japanese workers with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2018; 11:647–658. PMID: 30410377.

31. Funakoshi S, Satoh A, Maeda T, Kawazoe M, Ishida S, Yoshimura C, Tada K, Takahashi K, Ito K, Yasuno T, et al. Eating before bed and new-onset hypertension in a Japanese population: the Iki city epidemiological study of atherosclerosis and chronic kidney disease. Hypertens Res. 2021; 44:1662–1667. PMID: 34552209.

32. Gallant AR, Lundgren J, Drapeau V. The night-eating syndrome and obesity. Obes Rev. 2012; 13:528–536. PMID: 22222118.

33. Cao H. Adipocytokines in obesity and metabolic disease. J Endocrinol. 2014; 220:T47–T59. PMID: 24403378.

34. Lund J, Arendt J, Hampton SM, English J, Morgan LM. Postprandial hormone and metabolic responses amongst shift workers in Antarctica. J Endocrinol. 2001; 171:557–564. PMID: 11739022.

35. Wansink B, Payne CR, Shimizu M. The 100-calorie semi-solution: sub-packaging most reduces intake among the heaviest. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2011; 19:1098–1100. PMID: 21233814.

36. Berg C, Lappas G, Wolk A, Strandhagen E, Torén K, Rosengren A, Thelle D, Lissner L. Eating patterns and portion size associated with obesity in a Swedish population. Appetite. 2009; 52:21–26. PMID: 18694791.

37. Bonsembiante L, Targher G, Maffeis C. Type 2 diabetes and dietary carbohydrate intake of adolescents and young adults: what is the impact of different choices? Nutrients. 2021; 13:3344. PMID: 34684345.

38. Alhazmi A, Stojanovski E, McEvoy M, Garg ML. Macronutrient intakes and development of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. J Am Coll Nutr. 2012; 31:243–258. PMID: 23378452.

39. Lipoeto NI, Wattanapenpaiboon N, Malik A, Wahlqvist ML. Nutrition transition in west Sumatra, Indonesia. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2004; 13:312–316. PMID: 15331346.