J Dent Rehabil Appl Sci.  2021 Mar;37(1):1-15. 10.14368/jdras.2021.37.1.1.

Review on additive manufacturing of dental materials

• Won S
• Kang HG
• Ko KH
• Huh YH
• Park CJ
• Cho LR

• KMID: 2525974
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.14368/jdras.2021.37.1.1

Abstract

Additive manufacturing (AM) for dental materials can produce more complex forms than conventional manufacturing methods. Compared to milling processing, AM consumes less equipment and materials, making sustainability an advantage. AM can be categorized into 7 types. Polymers made by vat polymerization are the most suitable material for AM due to superior mechanical properties and internal fit compared to conventional self-polymerizing methods. However, polymers are mainly used as provisional restoration due to their relatively low mechanical strength. Metal AM uses powder bed fusion methods and has higher fracture toughness and density than castings, but has higher residual stress, which requires research on post-processing methods to remove them. AM for ceramic use vat polymerization of materials mixed with ceramic powder and resin polymer. The ceramic materials for AM needs complex post-processing such as debinding of polymer and sintering. The low mechanical strength and volumetric accuracy of the products made by AM must be improved to be commercialized. AM requires more research to find the most suitable fabrication process conditions, as the mechanical properties and surface of any material will vary depending on the processing condition.

Keyword

additive manufacturing; polymer; metal; ceramic; mechanical properties

Figure

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  Fig. 1 Backscattered electron (BSE) images of the Co-Cr alloys tested (original magnification × 200). (A) Polished surface of Co-Cr alloy fabricated with casting, (B) Polished surface of Co-Cr alloy fabricated with SLM. Arrow heads indicate micro-porosities. Porosity (black area) appeared more in the casting method.

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  Fig. 2 As-built Co-Cr crown by SLM. (A) Rough surface by un-melted powders and remnants of support structure, (B) Different result of the printed wall thickness in crown specimen sectioned bucco-lingually. It was set to a constant thickness of 500 μm, however the thickness was small at the axial wall and large at the occlusal wall. Additionally, the occlusal surface was found to be coarser than the inner surface.

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  Fig. 3 Diagram for comparing surface quality with different condition of layer thickness (Left: 2a layer thickness, Right: a layer thickness), showing ‘Surface deterioration’ and ‘Ladder effect’.

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  Fig. 4 Types of fracture inducing factors in additive manufacturing. 1) Pore; 2) Agglomerates of powder; 3) Cleansing defects; 4) Edge damage; 5) Machining damage.

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  Fig. 5 Three different types of fabrication showing the different layer architecture. (A) Printed specimen with a long x-axis and parallel to the surface of the fracture test. (B) Printed specimen with a long y-axis and parallel to the surface of the fracture test. (C) Printed specimen perpendicular to the surface of the fracture test (h: height, w: width, l: length).

Reference

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