Korean J Orthod.  2019 Nov;49(6):393-403. 10.4041/kjod.2019.49.6.393.

Effect of archwire stiffness and friction on maxillary posterior segment displacement during anterior segment retraction: A three-dimensional finite element analysis

• Park CS
• Yu HS
• Cha JY
• Mo SS
• Lee KJ

• KMID: 2464202
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4041/kjod.2019.49.6.393

Abstract

OBJECTIVE
Sliding mechanics using orthodontic miniscrews is widely used to stabilize the anchorage during extraction space closure. However, previous studies have reported that both posterior segment displacement and anterior segment displacement are possible, depending on the mechanical properties of the archwire. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of archwire stiffness and friction change on the displacement pattern of the maxillary posterior segment during anterior segment retraction with orthodontic miniscrews in sliding mechanics.
METHODS
A three-dimensional finite element model was constructed. The retraction point was set at the archwire level between the lateral incisor and canine, and the orthodontic miniscrew was located at a height of 8 mm from the archwire between the second premolar and first molar. Archwire stiffness was simulated with rectangular stainless steel wires and a rigid body was used as a control. Various friction levels were set for the surface contact model. Displacement patterns for the posterior and anterior segments were compared between the conditions.
RESULTS
Both the anterior and posterior segments exhibited backward rotation, regardless of archwire stiffness or friction. Among the conditions tested in this study, the least undesirable rotation was found with low archwire stiffness and low friction.
CONCLUSIONS
Posterior segment displacement may be unavoidable but reducing the stiffness and friction of the main archwire may minimize unwanted rotations during extraction space closure.

Keyword

Finite element method; Orthodontic miniscrews; Archwire stiffness; Friction

MeSH Terms

Bicuspid
Finite Element Analysis*
Friction*
Incisor
Mechanics
Molar
Stainless Steel
Stainless Steel

Figure

• 

  Figure 1 Three-dimensional finite element model and experimental conditions. A, Finite element method model of periodontal ligament. B, Position of orthodontic miniscrews and direction of the retraction force. C, Coordinate system. x-axis: (+) anterior, (−) posterior direction; y-axis: (+) superior, (−) inferior direction; z-axis: (+) buccal, (−) palatal direction.

• 

  Figure 2 Landmarks used for the assessment of displacement. Red dots indicate reference points for the crown and root of each tooth. CI, Central incisor; PM2, second premolar; M1, first molar; M2, second molar.

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  Figure 3 Displacement patterns of the central incisor according to archwire stiffness at each given level of friction. Dotted line, initial position. Solid line, position after movement (50× magnification). Positive value, anterior direction of the x-axis and apical direction of the y-axis. W1, 0.016 × 0.022-inch (in) flexible stainless steel (SS); W2, 0.017 × 0.025-in flexible SS; W3, 0.019 × 0.025-in flexible SS; W4, rigid body. F0, µ = 0.0; F1, µ = 0.1; F2, µ = 0.2; F3, µ = 0.3.

• 

  Figure 4 Displacement patterns of posterior teeth according to archwire stiffness at each given level of friction. A, Tooth axis displacement patterns (1,000× magnification). B, Posterior occlusal plane displacement patterns (1,500× magnification). Dotted (gray) line, initial position. Solid line, position after displacement. Positive value, anterior direction of the x-axis and apical direction of the y-axis. See Figures 2 and 3 for definitions of each landmark or measurement.

• 

  Figure 5 Displacement patterns of the central incisor according to friction levels at each given level of archwire stiffness. Dotted line, initial position. Solid line, position after movement (50× magnification). Positive value, anterior direction of the x-axis and apical direction of the y-axis. See Figure 3 for definitions of each landmark or measurement.

• 

  Figure 6 Displacement patterns of posterior teeth according to friction levels at each given level of archwire stiffness. A, Tooth axis displacement patterns (1,000× magnification). B, Posterior occlusal plane displacement patterns (1,500× magnification). Dotted (gray) line, initial position. Solid line, position after displacement. Positive value, anterior direction of the x-axis and apical direction of the y-axis. See Figures 2 and 3 for definitions of each landmark or measurement.

• 

  Figure 7 Displacement patterns resulting from varying levels of archwire stiffness and friction. Relatively low archwire stiffness led to less displacement of the posterior segment compared to that observed with high archwire stiffness across friction levels. A, Flexible archwire with low friction. B, Flexible archwire with high friction. C, Rigid archwire with low friction. D, Rigid archwire with high friction (gray color, original tooth position; brown color, tooth position after displacement).

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