J Korean Med Assoc.  2010 Nov;53(11):964-971.

Diagnosis of psychiatric disorders of the eldery

• Shin SE
• Bae JN

Abstract

Korea is rapidly aging society and psychiatric disorders of the elderly increasing Korea is rapidly becoming an aging society and psychiatric disorders of the elderly are increasing significantly in importance. Interviewing the elderly requires special skills because of their physical weakness and cognitive impairments such as difficulty concentrating. There are various diagnostic tools for them, for more accurate diagnosis. Representative scales include the Mini-Mental Status Examination for dementia, the Geriatric Depression Scale for depression, and the Confusional Assessment Method for delirium. Differential diagnosis of psychiatric disorders from cerebral and physical disorders is important.

Keyword

Geriatric psychiatry; Diagnosis; History taking; Diagnostic tools

MeSH Terms

Aged
Aging
Delirium
Dementia
Depression
Diagnosis, Differential
Geriatric Psychiatry
Humans
Korea
Weights and Measures

Reference

1. Song YS. The population of Korea in ten years? [Internet]. 2010. cited 2010 Oct 8. Seoul: Korea Development Institute;Available from: http://epic.kdi.re.kr/nara/nara_menu1_view.jsp?num=7423&yearmonth=201009.

2. Coffey CE, Cummings JL. Textbook of geriatric neuropsychiatry. 2005. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

3. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DMS-IV-TR. 2000. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

4. World Health Organization. The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. 1992. Geneva: World Health Organization.

5. Korean Association for Geriatric Psychiatry. Geriatric psychiatry. 2004. Seoul: Jungang Publisher;69.

6. Seoul National University Hospital. Nationwide study on the prevalence of dementia in Korean elders. 2008. Seoul: Ministry for Health, Welfare and Family Affairs.

7. Reid MC, Lachs MS, Feinstein AR. Use of methodological standards in diagnostic test research: getting better but still not good. JAMA. 1995. 274:645–651.

8. Gifford DR, Cummings JL. Evaluating dementia screening tests: methodologic standards to rate their performance. Neurology. 1999. 52:224–227.

9. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. "Mini-mental state": a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975. 12:189–198.

10. Kaszniak AW. Grant I, Adams KM, editors. The neuropsychology of dementia. Neuropsychological assessment of neuropsychiatric disorders. 1986. New York: Oxford University Press;172–220.

11. Kwon YC, Park JH. Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE-K): part I. development of the test for the elderly. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc. 1989. 28:125–135.

12. Kang Y, Na DL, Hahn S. A validity study on the Korean Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) in dementia patients. J Korean Neurol Assoc. 1997. 15:300–308.

13. Lee JH, Lee KU, Lee DY, Kim KW, Jhoo JH, Kim JH, Lee KH, Kim SY, Han SH, Woo JI. Development of the Korean version of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Packet (CERAD-K): clinical and neuropsychological assessment batteries. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2002. 57:P47–P53.

14. Lee DY, Lee KU, Lee JH, Kim KW, Jhoo JH, Youn JC, Kim SY, Woo SI, Woo JI. A normative study of the mini-mental state examination in the Korean elderly. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc. 2002. 41:508–525.

15. Blessed G, Tomlinson BE, Roth M. The association between quantitative measures of dementia and of senile change in the cerebral grey matter of elderly subjects. Br J Psychiatry. 1968. 114:797–811.

16. Katzman R, Brown T, Fuld P, Peck A, Schechter R, Schimmel H. Validation of a short orientation-memory-concentration test of cognitive impairment. Am J Psychiatry. 1983. 140:734–739.

17. Stuss DT, Meiran N, Guzman D, Lafleche G, Willmer J. Do long tests yield a more accurate diagnosis of dementia than short tests? A comparison of 5 neuropsychological tests. Arch Neurol. 1996. 53:1033–1039.

18. Lee DY, Kim KW, Yoon JC, Jhoo JH, Lee JH, Woo JI. Development of an informant report questionnaire for dementia screening: Seoul Informant Report Questionnaire for Dementia (SIRQD). J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc. 2004. 43:209–218.

19. Lee DW, Lee JY, Ryu SG, Cho SJ, Hong CH, Lee JH, Choi YM, Kim BS, Park EJ, Park SH. Validity of the Korean version of Informant Questionnaire on the Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE). J Korean Geriatr Soc. 2005. 9:196–202.

20. Jorm AF, Jacomb PA. The Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE): socio-demographic correlates, reliability, validity and some norms. Psychol Med. 1989. 19:1015–1022.

21. Choi SH, Na DL, Kang Y, Lee WY, Park BJ. The validity and reliability of the Samsung Dementia Questionnaire (SDQ). J Korean Neurol Assoc. 1998. 16(3):307–314.

22. Han EJ, Lee DW, Ryu SH, Lee KJ, Jung HY. Usefulness of family-report screening tests for dementia. J Korean Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006. 10:28–32.

23. Lee DW, Kang JW, Ryu SH, Lee KJ, Han EJ, Jung HY. Usefulness of comprehensive neuropsychological tests for diagnosis of dementia. J Korean Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006. 10:48–53.

24. Kang Y, Na DL. Seoul neuropsychological screening battery (SNSB). 2003. Incheon: Human Brain Research&Consulting Co..

25. Suh GH, Mohs RC. Development of the Korean version of Alzheimers Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS-K) to assess cognition in dementia. J Korean Geriatr Soc. 2003. 7:269–277.

26. Suh GH. Diagnostic capability of the Cognitive Assessment and Reference Diagnoses System (CARDS). J Korean Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002. 6:128–135.

27. Hughes CP, Berg L, Danziger WL, Coben LA, Martin RL. A new clinical scale for the staging of dementia. Br J Psychiatry. 1982. 140:566–572.

28. Oh BH, Cha KR, Hong CH, Kim JH. Characteristics of behavioral and psychological symptoms by dementia stage: evaluated by the Korean version of neuropsychiatric inventory. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc. 2004. 43:596–602.

29. Reisberg B, Ferris SH, de Leon MJ, Crook T. The Global Deterioration Scale for assessment of primary degenerative dementia. Am J Psychiatry. 1982. 139:1136–1139.

30. Oh BH. Diagnosis and treatment for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. J Korean Med Assoc. 2009. 52:1048–1054.

31. International Psychogeriatric Association. Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) education pack: module 5: non-pharmacological management. 2002. Skokie: International Psychogeriatric Association.

32. Cummings JL, Mega M, Gray K, Rosenberg-Thompson S, Carusi DA, Gornbein J. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia. Neurology. 1994. 44:2308–2314.

33. Choi SH, Na DL, Kwon HM, Yoon SJ, Jeong JH, Ha CK. The Korean version of the neuropsychiatric inventory: a scoring tool for neuropsychiatric disturbance in dementia patients. J Korean Med Sci. 2000. 15:609–615.

34. Reisberg B, Borenstein J, Salob SP, Ferris SH, Franssen E, Georgotas A. Behavioral symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: phenomenology and treatment. J Clin Psychiatry. 1987. 48:Suppl. 9–15.

35. Suh GH, Son HG, Shin H, Kim IM, Hong S, Park J, Choi IG, Kim SK, Yeon BK. Reliability and analysis of symptom category scores of the behavior pathology in Alzheimer's disease rating scale, Korean version (BEHAVE-AD-K). J Korean Geriatr Psychiatry. 2001. 5:50–57.

36. Korean Association for Geriatric Psychiatry. Geriatric psychiatry. 2004. Seoul: Jungang Publisher.

37. Yesavage JA, Brink TL, Rose TL, Lum O, Huang V, Adey M, Leirer VO. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report. J Psychiatr Res. 1982. 17:37–49.

38. Cho MJ, Bae JN, Suh GH, Hahm BJ, Kim JK, Lee DW, Kang MH. Validation of geriatric depression scale, Korean version (GDS) in the assessment of DSM-III-R major depression. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc. 1999. 38:48–63.

39. Lee SH, Kang MH, Kim CE, Lee JS, Bae JN, Cho MJ. Comparing various short-form geriatric depression scales in elderly psychiatric patients in Korea. J Korean Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009. 13:32–37.

40. Nitcher RL, Burke WJ, Roccaforte WH, Wengel SP. A collateral source version of the Geriatric Depression Rating Scale. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1993. 1:143–152.

41. Lee HS, You YS, Han JS, Kwak DI, Jung IK. A study of validity of collateral source version of Korean Form of Geriatric Depression Scale (CS-KGDS). J Korean Geriatr Psychiatry. 1998. 2:187–197.

42. Horvath TB, Siever LJ, Mohs RC, Davis K. Kaplan HI, Sadock BJ, editors. Organic mental syndromes and disorders. Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. 1989. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins;599–642.

43. Meagher DJ, O'Hanlon D, O'Mahony E, Casey PR, Trzepacz PT. Relationship between etiology and phenomenologic profile in delirium. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 1998. 11:146–149.

44. Han MI. Clinical approach to delirium in elderly patients. J Korean Geriatr Psychiatry. 2004. 8:96–101.

45. Inouye SK, van Dyck CH, Alessi CA, Balkin S, Siegal AP, Horwitz RI. Clarifying confusion: the confusion assessment method. A new method for detection of delirium. Ann Intern Med. 1990. 113:941–948.

46. Trzepacz PT, Baker RW, Greenhouse J. A symptom rating scale for delirium. Psychiatry Res. 1988. 23:89–97.

47. Lim KO, Kim SY, Lee YH, Lee SW, Kim JL. A validation study for the Korean version of Delirium Rating Scale-revised-98 (K-DRS-98). J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc. 2006. 45:518–526.

48. Suh GH, Yeon BK, Ryu SG, Bang HS, Lee DW. Reliability and validity of the Korean version of GMS-AGECAT. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc. 2002. 41:1156–1164.

49. Jorm AF, Mackinnon AJ, Henderson AS, Scott R, Christensen H, Korten AE, Cullen JS, Mulligan R. The Psychogeriatric Assessment Scales: a multi-dimensional alternative to categorical diagnoses of dementia and depression in the elderly. Psychol Med. 1995. 25:447–460.

50. Cho MJ, Park IS, Shin YM, Kim MJ, Jung HY, Chung EK, Choi YS, Suh GH, Hahm BJ. A preliminary study for the validation of the Korean version of psychogeriatric assessment scale. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc. 2000. 39:128–141.