Korean J Schizophr Res.  2014 Apr;17(1):5-11. 10.16946/kjsr.2014.17.1.5.

Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder in DSM-5 : Is this a New Change?

• Cho CH
• Lee HJ

• KMID: 2288294
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.16946/kjsr.2014.17.1.5

Abstract

The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth version (DSM-5) finally introduced in 2013. Psychiatrists and researchers of neuroscience were looking forward that DSM-5 will introduce a new paradigm of diagnostic criteria. However, they have criticized on DSM-5 about not including of neurobiological criteria after DSM-5 published. Since schizophrenia spectrum disorder is heterogeneous and hard to diagnose correctly, we can guess that there might be a big affliction in preparation of DSM-5. Diagnostic criteria of schizophrenia spectrum disorder in DSM-5 changed in several points including changes of Criteria A of schizophrenia. The most outstanding change is the elimination of subtypes of schizophrenia, and introducing of Clinician-Rated Dimensions of Psychosis Symptom Severity for further division into homogenous subgroups depending on psychosis symptoms. Until now, the results of various neurobiological investigations are not consistent, so neurobiological criteria of schizophrenia spectrum disorder deserved no inclusion in DSM-5. Thinking comprehensively, DSM-5 might decide to choose stability rather than challenge. In the future, the diagnostic criteria of schizophrenia spectrum disorder in DSM will progress with inclusion of neurobiological criteria, and researches of schizophrenia spectrum disorder will make advance that match changes in progression of DSM.

Keyword

Schizophrenia spectrum disorder; DSM-5

MeSH Terms

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Neurosciences
Psychiatry
Psychotic Disorders
Schizophrenia*
Thinking

Reference

References

1. Association AP. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition: DSM 5;2013.

2. Kraepelin E. Dementia praecox and paraphrenia. Livingstone;1919.

3. Bleuler E, Research AIfP. Dementia Praecox: Or the Group of Schizo-phrenias. American Institute for Psychological Research;1991.

4. Schneider K. Clinical Psychopathology. New York;1959.

5. Tandon R, Gaebel W, Barch DM, Bustillo J, Gur RE, Heckers S, et al. Definition and description of schizophrenia in the DSM-5. Schizophr Res. 2013; 150:3–10.

6. Tandon R, Nasrallah HA, Keshavan MS. Schizophrenia, “just the facts” 4. Clinical features and conceptualization. Schizophr Res. 2009; 110:1–23.

7. Kendell R, Jablensky A. Distinguishing between the validity and utility of psychiatric diagnoses. Am J Psychiatry. 2003; 160:4–12.

8. Kapur S, Phillips AG, Insel TR. Why has it taken so long for biological psychiatry to develop clinical tests and what to do about it? Mol Psychiatry. 2012; 17:1174–1179.

9. Bromet EJ, Kotov R, Fochtmann LJ, Carlson GA, Tanenberg-Karant M, Ruggero C, et al. Diagnostic shifts during the decade following first admission for psychosis. Am J Psychiatry. 2011; 168:1186–1194.

10. Korver-Nieberg N, Quee PJ, Boos HB, Simons CJ. The validity of the DSM-IV diagnostic classification system of non-affective psychoses. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2011; 45:1061–1068.

11. Haahr U, Friis S, Larsen TK, Melle I, Johannessen JO, Opjordsmoen S, et al. Firstepisode psychosis: diagnostic stability over one and two years. Psychopathology. 2008; 41:322–329.

12. Association AP. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-III-R. American Psychiatric Association;1987.

13. Tanenberg-Karant M, Fennig S, Ram R, Krishna J, Jandorf L, Bromet EJ. Bizarre delusions and first-rank symptoms in a first-admission sample: a preliminary analysis of prevalence and correlates. Compr Psychiatry. 1995; 36:428–434.

14. Peralta V, Cuesta MJ. Diagnostic significance of Schneider's first-rank symptoms in schizophrenia. Comparative study between schizophrenic and non-schizophrenic psychotic disorders. Br J Psychiatry. 1999; 174:243–248.

15. Jansson LB, Parnas J. Competing definitions of schizophrenia: what can be learned from polydiagnostic studies? Schizophr Bull. 2007; 33:1178–1200.

16. Nordgaard J, Arnfred SM, Handest P, Parnas J. The diagnostic status of first-rank symptoms. Schizophr Bull. 2008; 34:137–154.

17. Ihara K, Morgan C, Fearon P, Dazzan P, Demjaha A, Lloyd T, et al. The prevalence, diagnostic significance and demographic characteristics of Schneiderian first-rank symptoms in an epidemiological sample of first-episode psychoses. Psychopathology. 2009; 42:81–91.

18. Allardyce J, McCreadie RG, Morrison G, van Os J. Do symptom dimensions or categorical diagnoses best discriminate between known risk factors for psychosis? Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2007; 42:429–437.

19. Shinn AK, Heckers S, Ongur D. The special treatment of first rank auditory hallucinations and bizarre delusions in the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2013; 146:17–21.

20. Tandon R, Bruijnzeel D, Rankupalli B. Does change in definition of psychotic symptoms in diagnosis of schizophrenia in DSM-5 affect caseness? Asian J Psychiatr. 2013; 6:330–332.

21. Black DW, Boffeli TJ. Simple schizophrenia: revisited. Compr Psychiatry. 1990; 31:344–349.

22. David AS, Appleby L. Diagnostic criteria in schizophrenia: accentuate the positive. Schizophr Bull. 1992; 18:551–557.

23. Blanchard JJ, Cohen AS. The structure of negative symptoms within schizophrenia: implications for assessment. Schizophr Bull. 2006; 32:238–245.

24. Kirkpatrick B, Fenton WS, Carpenter WT Jr, Marder SR. The NIMH-MATRICS consensus statement on negative symptoms. Schizophr Bull. 2006; 32:214–219.

25. Messinger JW, Tremeau F, Antonius D, Mendelsohn E, Prudent V, Stanford AD, et al. Avolition and expressive deficits capture negative symptom phenomenology: implications for DSM-5 and schizophrenia research. Clin Psychol Rev. 2011; 31:161–168.

26. Liemburg E, Castelein S, Stewart R, van der Gaag M, Aleman A, Knegtering H. Two subdomains of negative symptoms in psychotic disorders: established and confirmed in two large cohorts. J Psychiatr Res. 2013; 47:718–725.

27. Keefe RS. Should cognitive impairment be included in the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia? World Psychiatry. 2008; 7:22–28.

28. Tandon R, Maj M. Nosological status and definition of schizophrenia: Some considerations for DSM-V and ICD-11. Asian J Psychiatr. 2008; 1:22–27.

29. Depp CA, Moore DJ, Sitzer D, Palmer BW, Eyler LT, Roesch S, et al. Neurocognitive impairment in middle-aged and older adults with bipolar disorder: comparison to schizophrenia and normal comparison subjects. J Affect Disord. 2007; 101:201–209.

30. Reichenberg A, Harvey PD, Bowie CR, Mojtabai R, Rabinowitz J, Heaton RK, et al. Neuropsychological function and dysfunction in schizophrenia and psychotic affective disorders. Schizophr Bull. 2009; 35:1022–1029.

31. Association AP. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition: DSM-IV-TR®. American Psychiatric Association;2000.

32. McGlashan TH, Fenton WS. Classical subtypes for schizophrenia: literature review for DSM-IV. Schizophr Bull. 1991; 17:609–632.

33. Linscott RJ, Allardyce J, van Os J. Seeking verisimilitude in a class: a systematic review of evidence that the criterial clinical symptoms of schizophrenia are taxonic. Schizophr Bull. 2010; 36:811–829.

34. Peralta V, Cuesta MJ. The relationship between syndromes of the psychotic illness and familial liability to schizophrenia and major mood disorders. Schizophr Res. 2007; 91:200–209.

35. Picardi A, Viroli C, Tarsitani L, Miglio R, de Girolamo G, Dell'Acqua G, et al. Heterogeneity and symptom structure of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2012; 198:386–394.

36. Maj M, Pirozzi R, Formicola AM, Bartoli L, Bucci P. Reliability and validity of the DSM-IV diagnostic category of schizoaffective disorder: preliminary data. J Affect Disord. 2000; 57:95–98.

37. Nurnberger JI Jr, Blehar MC, Kaufmann CA, York-Cooler C, Simpson SG, Harkavy-Friedman J, et al. Diagnostic interview for genetic studies. Rationale, unique features, and training. NIMH Genetics Initiative. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994; 51:849–859. ; discussion 863–844.

38. Malaspina D, Owen MJ, Heckers S, Tandon R, Bustillo J, Schultz S, et al. Schizoaffective Disorder in the DSM-5. Schizophr Res. 2013.

39. Phillips KA, Wilhelm S, Koran LM, Didie ER, Fallon BA, Feusner J, et al. Body dysmorphic disorder: some key issues for DSM-V. Depress Anxiety. 2010; 27:573–591.

40. Heckers S, Tandon R, Bustillo J. Catatonia in the DSM–shall we move or not? Schizophr Bull. 2010; 36:205–207.

41. Barch DM, Bustillo J, Gaebel W, Gur R, Heckers S, Malaspina D, et al. Logic and justification for dimensional assessment of symptoms and related clinical phenomena in psychosis: relevance to DSM-5. Schizophr Res. 2013; 150:15–20.

42. Carpenter WT. Anticipating DSM-V: should psychosis risk become a diagnostic class? Schizophr Bull. 2009; 35:841–843.

43. Woods SW, Walsh BC, Saksa JR, McGlashan TH. The case for including Attenuated Psychotic Symptoms Syndrome in DSM-5 as a psychosis risk syndrome. Schizophr Res. 2010; 123:199–207.

44. Boonstra N, Klaassen R, Sytema S, Marshall M, De Haan L, Wun-derink L, et al. Duration of untreated psychosis and negative symptoms–a systematic review and metaanalysis of individual patient data. Schizophr Res. 2012; 142:12–19.

45. Linscott RJ, van Os J. An updated and conservative systematic review and metaanalysis of epidemiological evidence on psychotic experiences in children and adults: on the pathway from proneness to persistence to dimensional expression across mental disorders. Psychol Med. 2013; 43:1133–1149.

46. Fusar-Poli P, Bonoldi I, Yung AR, Borgwardt S, Kempton MJ, Val-maggia L, et al. Predicting psychosis: metaanalysis of transition outcomes in individuals at high clinical risk. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012; 69:220–229.

47. Fusar-Poli P, Bechdolf A, Taylor MJ, Bonoldi I, Carpenter WT, Yung AR, et al. At risk for schizophrenic or affective psychoses? A metaanalysis of DSM/ICD diagnostic outcomes in individuals at high clinical risk. Schizophr Bull. 2013; 39:923–932.

48. Tsuang MT, Van Os J, Tandon R, Barch DM, Bustillo J, Gaebel W, et al. Attenuated psychosis syndrome in DSM-5. Schizophr Res. 2013; 150:31–35.

49. Organization WH. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. Royal College of Psychiatrists;1992.

50. Gaebel W. Status of psychotic disorders in ICD-11. Schizophr Bull. 2012; 38:895–898.

51. Cuthbert BN, Insel TR. Toward new approaches to psychotic disorders: the NIMH Research Domain Criteria project. Schizophr Bull. 2010; 36:1061–1062.

52. Cuthbert BN. The RDoC framework: facilitating transition from ICD/DSM to dimensional approaches that integrate neuroscience and psychopathology. World Psychiatry. 2014; 13:28–35.