J Rheum Dis.  2013 Oct;20(5):280-285. 10.4078/jrd.2013.20.5.280.

Korean Guidelines for Tailored Management of Gout

• Song JS
• Jun JB

• KMID: 2223003
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4078/jrd.2013.20.5.280

Abstract

Gout is a chronic systemic metabolic disease characterized by recurrent attacks of inflammatory arthritis resulting from precipitation of monosodium urate crystals, presenting various clinical and pathologic manifestations. The disease is associated with multiple comorbidity, impaired quality of life, life threatening, and heavy economic burden. The incidence and prevalence of gout is increasing in many developed and developing countries as well as in Korea. However, the current state of gout and hyperuricemia management in Korea is not sufficient because the therapeutic goal has been achieved in less than half of patients with gout. Thus, education in gout management for people and primary care physicians appears important for proper treatment of gout. In the United States, Japan, and Europe, guidelines for management of gout and hyperuricemia have already been published. In this review, Korean guidelines for tailored management of gout will be suggested.

Keyword

Gout; Hyperuricemia; Treatment guideline; Korean

MeSH Terms

Arthritis
Comorbidity
Developing Countries
Europe
Gout*
Humans
Hyperuricemia
Incidence
Japan
Korea
Metabolic Diseases
Physicians, Primary Care
Prevalence
Quality of Life
United States
Uric Acid
Uric Acid

Reference

References

1. Roddy E, Zhang W, Doherty M. Is gout associated with reduced quality of life? A case-control study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007; 46:1441–4.

2. Singh JA, Strand V. Gout is associated with more comorbidities, poorer health-related quality of life and higher healthcare utilisation in US veterans. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008; 67:1310–6.

3. Lee SJ, Hirsch JD, Terkeltaub R, Khanna D, Singh JA, Sarkin A, et al. Perceptions of disease and health-related quality of life among patients with gout. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009; 48:582–6.

4. Choi HK, Ford ES, Li C, Curhan G. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with gout: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arthritis Rheum. 2007; 57:109–15.

5. Choi HK, Curhan G. Independent impact of gout on mortality and risk for coronary heart disease. Circulation. 2007; 116:894–900.

6. Rho YH, Choi SJ, Lee YH, Ji JD, Choi KM, Baik SH, et al. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with gout. J Korean Rheum Assoc. 2004; 11:349–57.

7. Rho YH, Choi SJ, Lee YH, Ji JD, Choi KM, Baik SH, et al. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with gout: a multicenter study. J Korean Med Sci. 2005; 20:1029–33.

8. Kuo CF, Yu KH, See LC, Chou IJ, Tseng WY, Chang HC, et al. Elevated risk of mortality among gout patients: a comparison with the national population in Taiwan. Joint Bone Spine. 2011; 78:577–80.

9. Wu EQ, Forsythe A, Guérin A, Yu AP, Latremouille-Viau D, Tsaneva M. Comorbidity burden, healthcare re-source utilization, and costs in chronic gout patients refractory to conventional urate-lowering therapy. Am J Ther. 2012; 19:e157–66.

10. Wallace KL, Riedel AA, Joseph-Ridge N, Wortmann R. Increasing prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia over 10 years among older adults in a managed care population. J Rheumatol. 2004; 31:1582–7.

11. Lawrence RC, Helmick CG, Arnett FC, Deyo RA, Felson DT, Giannini EH, et al. Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and selected musculoskeletal disorders in the United States. Arthritis Rheum. 1998; 41:778–99.

12. Kramer HM, Curhan G. The association between gout and nephrolithiasis: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III, 1988–1994. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002; 40:37–42.

13. Zhu Y, Pandya BJ, Choi HK. Prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia in the US general population: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2008. Arthritis Rheum. 2011; 63:3136–41.

14. Currie WJ. Prevalence and incidence of the diagnosis of gout in Great Britain. Ann Rheum Dis. 1979; 38:101–6.

15. Steven MM. Prevalence of chronic arthritis in four geo-graphical areas of the Scottish Highlands. Ann Rheum Dis. 1992; 51:186–94.

16. Harris CM, Lloyd DC, Lewis J. The prevalence and prophylaxis of gout in England. J Clin Epidemiol. 1995; 48:1153–8.

17. Mikuls TR, Farrar JT, Bilker WB, Fernandes S, Schumacher HR Jr, Saag KG. Gout epidemiology: results from the UK General Practice Research Database, 1990–1999. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005; 64:267–72.

18. Annemans L, Spaepen E, Gaskin M, Bonnemaire M, Malier V, Gilbert T, et al. Gout in the UK and Germany: prevalence, comorbidities and management in general practice 2000–2005. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008; 67:960–6.

19. Lennane GA, Rose BS, Isdale IC. Gout in the Maori. Ann Rheum Dis. 1960; 19:120–5.

20. Klemp P, Stansfield SA, Castle B, Robertson MC. Gout is on the increase in New Zealand. Ann Rheum Dis. 1997; 56:22–6.

21. Son KM, Seo YI, Kim IJ, Bae YD, Jung YO, Cha MJ, et al. Adherence to uric acid lowering agent of gouty patients. J Korean Rheum Assoc. 2010; 17:162–7.

22. Khanna D, Fitzgerald JD, Khanna PP, Bae S, Singh MK, Neogi T, et al. American College of Rheumatology. 2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 1: systematic nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapeutic approaches to hyperuricemia. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012; 64:1431–46.

23. Khanna D, Khanna PP, Fitzgerald JD, Singh MK, Bae S, Neogi T, et al. American College of Rheumatology. 2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 2: therapy and antiinflammatory prophylaxis of acute gouty arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012; 64:1447–61.

24. Yamanaka H. Japanese Society of Gout and Nucleic Acid Metabolism. Japanese guideline for the management of hyperuricemia and gout: second edition. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids. 2011; 30:1018–29.

25. Zhang W, Doherty M, Pascual E, Bardin T, Barskova V, Conaghan P, et al. EULAR Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutics. EULAR evidence based recommendations for gout. Part I: Diagnosis. Report of a task force of the Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutics (ESCISIT). Ann Rheum Dis. 2006; 65:1301–11.

26. Zhang W, Doherty M, Bardin T, Pascual E, Barskova V, Conaghan P, et al. EULAR Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutics. EULAR evidence based recommendations for gout. Part II: Management. Report of a task force of the EULAR Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutics (ESCISIT). Ann Rheum Dis. 2006; 65:1312–24.

27. Wallace SL, Robinson H, Masi AT, Decker JL, McCarty DJ, Yü TF. Preliminary criteria for the classification of the acute arthritis of primary gout. Arthritis Rheum. 1977; 20:895–900.

28. Rees F, Jenkins W, Doherty M. Patients with gout adhere to curative treatment if informed appropriately: proof-of-concept observational study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013; 72:826–30.

29. Choi HJ, Lee YJ, Park JJ, Lee JC, Lee EY, Lee EB, et al. The effect of low dose aspirin on serum and urinary uric acid level in gouty arthritis patients. J Korean Rheum Assoc. 2006; 13:203–8.

30. Shoji A, Yamanaka H, Kamatani N. A retrospective study of the relationship between serum urate level and recurrent attacks of gouty arthritis: evidence for reduction of recurrent gouty arthritis with antihyperuricemic therapy. Arthritis Rheum. 2004; 51:321–5.

31. Perez-Ruiz F, Calabozo M, Pijoan JI, Herrero-Beites AM, Ruibal A. Effect of urate-lowering therapy on the velocity of size reduction of tophi in chronic gout. Arthritis Rheum. 2002; 47:356–60.

32. Jung JW, Song WJ, Kim YS, Joo KW, Lee KW, Kim SH, et al. HLA-B58 can help the clinical decision on starting allopurinol in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011; 26:3567–72.

33. Hung SI, Chung WH, Liou LB, Chu CC, Lin M, Huang HP, et al. HLA-B∗5801 allele as a genetic marker for severe cutaneous adverse reactions caused by allopurinol. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005; 102:4134–9.

34. Tassaneeyakul W, Jantararoungtong T, Chen P, Lin PY, Tiamkao S, Khunarkornsiri U, et al. Strong association between HLA-B∗5801 and allopurinol-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in a Thai population. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2009; 19:704–9.

35. Hautekeete ML, Henrion J, Naegels S, DeNeve A, Adler M, Deprez C, et al. Severe hepatotoxicity related to ben-zarone: a report of three cases with two fatalities. Liver. 1995; 15:25–9.

36. Lee MH, Graham GG, Williams KM, Day RO. A bene-fit-risk assessment of benzbromarone in the treatment of gout. Was its withdrawal from the market in the best in-terest of patients? Drug Saf. 2008; 31:643–65.

37. Perez-Ruiz F, Hernandez-Baldizon S, Herrero-Beites AM, Gonzalez-Gay MA. Risk factors associated with renal lithiasis during uricosuric treatment of hyperuricemia in patients with gout. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2010; 62:1299–305.

38. Sundy JS, Baraf HS, Yood RA, Edwards NL, Gutierrez-Urena SR, Treadwell EL, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of pegloticase for the treatment of chronic gout in patients refractory to conventional treatment: two randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2011; 306:711–20.