J Korean Ophthalmol Soc.  2013 Mar;54(3):401-407. 10.3341/jkos.2013.54.3.401.

Effect of Orthokeratologic Lenses on Myopic Progression in Childhood

• Kim JR
• Chung TY
• Lim DH
• Bae JH

• KMID: 2216758
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.3341/jkos.2013.54.3.401

Abstract

PURPOSE
The present study assessed the influence of overnight orthokeratology (ortho-k) on the myopic progression in Korean children and analyzed factors affecting myopic progression.
METHODS
The ortho-k group was comprised of 31 patients satisfying the inclusion criteria for ortho-k. In the ortho-k group, spherical equivalent refractive error (SER) was measured at baseline, and after 2 weeks, 6 and 12 months. The control group was comprised of 31 patients who were matched according to age, gender, and baseline SER of the ortho-k subjects.
RESULTS
In the ortho-k group, the mean +/- SD changes in SER from 2 weeks to 6 months, 6 to 12 months, and 2 weeks to 12 months were -0.17 +/- 0.50 D, -0.04 +/- 0.76 D, and -0.21 +/- 0.78 D, respectively. In the control group, the changes in SER from baseline to 6 months, 6 to 12 months, and baseline to 12 months were -0.38 +/- 0.42 D, -0.44 +/- 0.38 D, and -0.82 +/- 0.68 D, respectively. Significant differences were found between changes in SER from 6 to 12 months and from baseline to 12 months (p < 0.05). In the ortho-k group, relationships between the changes of SER for 1 year and the numeric values of baseline measurements were analyzed. When comparing the results between the group of SER change > or = -0.5 D with the group of SER change < -0.5 D, numeric values of white-to-white diameters of the 2 groups were different, and a significant correlation was found between the range of SER change and the white-to-white diameter (Pearson's r = -0.471, p = 0.008).
CONCLUSIONS
Ortho-k is effective for slowing myopic progression. The smaller the white-to-white diameter, the slower the myopic progression could be.

Keyword

Myopic progression; Overnight orthokeratology; Spherical equivalent refractive error; White-to-white diameter

MeSH Terms

Child
Humans
Refractive Errors

Figure

• 

  Figure 1. The change of spherical equivalent refractive errors for 6 months and 12 months. In ortho-k group, the mean±SD changes in SER from 2 weeks to 6 months and 2 weeks to 12 months were -0.17 ± 0.50 D and -0.21 ± 0.78 D, respectively. In the control group, the changes in SER from baseline to 6 months and baseline to 12 months were -0.38 ± 0.42 D and -0.82 ± 0.68 D, respectively. *Spherical equivalent refractive error.

• 

  Figure 2. The change of spherical equivalent refractive errors for one year and white-to-white diameters at baseline. The change of spherical equivalent refractive errors (SER) for one year was calculated by subtracting baseline SER from SER of 12 months. A significant correlation was found between the change of SER for one year and white-to-white diameters at baseline (Pearson's r=-0.471, p=0.008). *Spherical equivalent refractive error.

Reference

References

1. Lin LL, Shin YF, Hsiao CK, et al. Epidemiologic study of the prevalence and severity of myopia among schoolchildren in Taiwan 2000. J Formos Med Assoc. 2001; 100:684–91.

2. Sperduto RD, Seigel D, Roberts J, et al. Prevalence of myopia in the Unites States. Arch Ophthalmol. 1983; 101:405–7.

3. Tan DT, Lam DS, Chua WH, et al. Asian Pirenzepine Study Group. One-year multicenter, double-masked, placebo-controlled, parallel safety and efficacy study of 2% pirenzepine ophthalmic gel in children with myopia. Ophthalmology. 2005; 112:84–91.

4. Bartlett JD, Niemann K, Houde B, et al. A tolerability study of pirenzepine ophthalmic gel in myopia children. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2003; 19:271–9.

5. Schwartz JT. Results of a monozygotic cotwin control study on a treatment for myopia. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1981; 69:249–58.

6. Lee JJ, Fang PC, Yang IH, et al. Prevention of myopia progression with 0.05% atropine solution. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2006; 22:41–6.

7. Shih YF, Hsiao K, Chen CJ, et al. An intervention trial on efficacy of atropine and multi-focal glasses in controlling myopia progression. Acta Ophthalmol. 2001; 79:233–6.

8. Grosvenor T, Perrigin J, Perrigin D, et al. Use of silicone-acrylate contact lenses for the control of myopia: Results after two years of lens wear. Optom Vis Sci. 1989; 66:41–7.

9. Leung JTM, Brown B. Progression of myopia in Hong Kong Chinese schoolchildren is slowed by wearing progressive lenses. Optom Vis Sci. 1999; 76:346–54.

10. Rah MJ, Jackson JM, Jones LA, et al. Overnight orthokeratology: Preliminary results of the Lenses and Overnight Orhokeratology (LOOK) study. Optom Vis Sci. 2002; 79:598–605.

11. Cheung SW, Cho P. Subjective and objective assessments of the effect of orthokeratology: A cross-sectional study. Curr Eye Res. 2004; 28:121–7.

12. Cheung SW, Cho P, Fan D. Asymmetrical increase in axial length in the two eyes of monocular orthokeratology patient. Optom Vis Sci. 2004; 81:653–6.

13. Cho P, Cheung SW, Edwards M. The longitudinal orthokeratology research in children (LORIC) in Hong Kong: a pilot study on refractive changes and myopic control. Curr Eye Res. 2005; 30:71–80.

14. Walline JJ, Jones LA, Sinnott LT. Corneal reshaping and myopia progression. Br J Ophthalmol. 2009; 93:2852–8.

15. Kakita T, Hiraoka T, Oshika T. Influence of overnight orthokeratology on axial elongation in childhood myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011; 52:2170–4.

16. Edwards MH, Li RW, Lam CS, et al. The Hong Kong Progressive lens myopia control study: Study design and main findings. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2002; 43:2852–8.

17. Walline JJ, Jones LA, Mutti DO, et al. A randomized trial of the effects of rigid contact lenses on myopia progression. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004; 122:1760–6.

18. Lee WH, Park YK, Seo JM, et al. The inhibitory effect of myopic and astigmatic progression by orthokeratology lens. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc. 2011; 52:1269–74.

19. Smith EL, Kee CS. Ramamirtham R, et al. Peripheral vision can influence eye growth and refractive development in infant mokeys. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005; 46:3965–72.

20. Mutti DO, Hayes JR, Mitchell GL, et al. Refractive error, axial length, and relative peripheral refractive error before and after the onset of myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007; 48:2510–9.

21. Charman WN, Mountford J, David AA, et al. Peripheral refraction in orthokeratology patients. Optom Vis Sci. 2006; 83:641–8.