J Korean Assoc Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg.
2009 Mar;31(2):103-115.
Erk and retinoic acid signaling participate in the segregation and patterning of first arch derived maxilla and mandible
- Affiliations
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- 1Department of Applied Life Science, Oral Science Research Center, Oral Cancer Research Institute, & Brain Korea 21 Project, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea. sanghwy@yuhs.ac
- 2Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Oral Science Research Center, Oral Cancer Research Institute, & Brain Korea 21 Project, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
- 3Department of oral and maxillofacial surgery, Stomatological college, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
Abstract
- In vertebrates, the face is mainly formed with neural crest derived neural crest cells by the inherent programs and the interactive environmental factors. Extracellular signaling-regulated kinase (Erk) is one of such programs to regulate the various cellular functions. And retinoic acid (RA) also plays an important role as a regulator in differentiation process at various stages of vertebrate embryogenesis. We wanted to know that the segregation as well as the patterning of maxillary and mandibular structure is greatly influenced by the maxillomandibular cleft (MMC) and the failure of this development may result in the maxillomandibular fusion (syngnathia) or other patterning related disorder. It has been well documented that the epithelium at this cleft region has significant expression of Fibroblast growth factor (Fgf)8, and it is essential for the patterning of the first arch derived structures. By the morphological, skeletal, cell proliferation and apoptotic, and hybridization analysis, we checked the effects of Erk inhibition and/or RA activation onto MMC and could observe that Erk and RA signaling is individually and synergically involved in the facial patterning in terms of FGF signaling pathway via Barx-1. So RA and Erk signaling work together for the MMC patterning and the segregation of maxillamandible by controlling the Fgf-related signaling pathways. And the abnormality in MMC brought by aberrant Fgf signaling may result in the disturbances of maxillary-mandibular segregation.
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