Hanyang Med Rev.  2014 Nov;34(4):158-164. 10.7599/hmr.2014.34.4.158.

3-D Printing in Organ Transplantation

• Lim G
• Choi D
• Richardson EB

• KMID: 2168347
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.7599/hmr.2014.34.4.158

Abstract

Recently, regenerative medicine utilizing tissue manufacturing has been a creative topic of study, offering promise for resolving the gap between insufficient organ supply and transplantation needs. Moreover, 3D generation of functional organs is seen as the main hope to resolve these issues that will be a major advancement in the field over the next generation. Organ printing is the 3D construction of functional cellular tissue that can replace organs made by additive biofabrication with computational technology. Its advantages offer rapid prototyping (RP) methods for fabricating cells and adjunctive biomaterials layer by layer for manufacturing 3D tissue structures. There is growing interest in applying stem cell research to bio-printing. Recently several bio-printing methods have been developed that accumulate organized 3D structures of living cells by inkjet, extrusion, and laser based printing systems. By printing spatially organized gradients of biomolecules as an extracellular matrix, direct stem cell seeding can then be engineered to differentiate into different lineages forming multiple subpopulations that closely approximate the desired organ. Pliable implementation patches can Stem cells for tissue regeneration can be arranged or deposited onto pliable implementation patches with the purpose of generating functional tissue structures. In this review, current research and advancement of RP-based bio-printing methods to construct synthetic living organs will be discussed. Furthermore, recent accomplishments in bioprinting methods for stem cell study and upcoming endeavors relevant to tissue bioengineering, regenerative medicine and wound healing will be examined.

Keyword

Bioprinting; Tissue engineering; Imaging, Three-Dimensional

MeSH Terms

Biocompatible Materials
Bioengineering
Bioprinting
Extracellular Matrix
Hope
Imaging, Three-Dimensional
Organ Transplantation*
Regeneration
Regenerative Medicine
Stem Cell Research
Stem Cells
Tissue Engineering
Transplants*
Wound Healing
Biocompatible Materials

Figure

• 

  Fig. 1 3D bio-printer available in Korea (given by KIMM). Hydrogel and cells can be injected by bio-printer with pre-determined CAD program and tissue with cells and biodegradable polymer can be made.

• 

  Fig. 2 Schematic classification of bio-printing technology. (A) Bio-printing, are categorized into generally three techniques based on their working principles laser based, (B) inkjet based (C) and extrusion based techniques.

Reference

1. Demirci U, Montesano G. Single cell epitaxy by acoustic picolitre droplets. Lab Chip. 2007; 7:1139–1145.

2. Moon S, Hasan SK, Song YS, Xu F, Keles HO, Manzur F, et al. Layer by layer three-dimensional tissue epitaxy by cell-laden hydrogel droplets. Tissue Eng Part C Methods. 2010; 16:157–166.

3. Mironov V, Kasyanov V, Drake C, Markwald RR. Organ printing: promises and challenges. Regen Med. 2008; 3:93–103.

4. Xu F, Moon SJ, Emre AE, Turali ES, Song YS, Hacking SA, et al. A droplet-based building block approach for bladder smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation. Biofabrication. 2010; 2:014105.

5. Atala A. Tissue engineering for bladder substitution. World J Urol. 2000; 18:364–370.

6. Melchels FP, Domingos MA, Klein TJ, Malda J, Bartolo PJ, Hutmacher DW. Additive manufacturing of tissues and organs. Prog Polym Sci. 2012; 37:1079–1104.

7. Cima MJ, Haggerty JS, Sachs EM, Williams PA. Three-dimensional printing techniques. Google Patents. 1993.

8. Bak D. Rapid prototyping or rapid production? 3D printing processes move industry towards the latter. Assem Autom. 2003; 23:340–345.

9. Leukers B, Gulkan H, Irsen SH, Milz S, Tille C, Schieker M, et al. Hydroxyapatite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering made by 3D printing. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2005; 16:1121–1124.

10. Mironov V, Boland T, Trusk T, Forgacs G, Markwald RR. Organ printing: computer-aided jet-based 3D tissue engineering. Trends Biotechnol. 2003; 21:157–161.

11. Nakamura M, Iwanaga S, Henmi C, Arai K, Nishiyama Y. Biomatrices and biomaterials for future developments of bioprinting and biofabrication. Biofabrication. 2010; 2:014110.

12. Peltola SM, Melchels FP, Grijpma DW, Kellomaki M. A review of rapid prototyping techniques for tissue engineering purposes. Ann Med. 2008; 40:268–280.

13. Barron JA, Wu P, Ladouceur HD, Ringeisen BR. Biological laser printing: a novel technique for creating heterogeneous 3-dimensional cell patterns. Biomed Microdevices. 2004; 6:139–147.

14. Boland T, Xu T, Damon B, Cui X. Application of inkjet printing to tissue engineering. Biotechnol J. 2006; 1:910–917.

15. Mironov V. Printing technology to produce living tissue. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2003; 3:701–704.

16. Odde DJ, Renn MJ. Laser-guided direct writing for applications in biotechnology. Trends Biotechnol. 1999; 17:385–389.

17. Nahmias Y, Odde DJ. Micropatterning of living cells by laser-guided direct writing: application to fabrication of hepatic-endothelial sinusoid-like structures. Nat Protoc. 2006; 1:2288–2296.

18. Schiele NR, Chrisey DB, Corr DT. Gelatin-based laser direct-write technique for the precise spatial patterning of cells. Tissue Eng Part C Methods. 2011; 17:289–298.

19. Xu F, Inci F, Mullick O, Gurkan UA, Sung Y, Kavaz D, et al. Release of magnetic nanoparticles from cell-encapsulating biodegradable nanobiomaterials. ACS Nano. 2012; 6:6640–6649.

20. Campbell PG, Miller ED, Fisher GW, Walker LM, Weiss LE. Engineered spatial patterns of FGF-2 immobilized on fibrin direct cell organization. Biomaterials. 2005; 26:6762–6770.

21. Gruene M, Pflaum M, Hess C, Diamantouros S, Schlie S, Deiwick A, et al. Laser printing of three-dimensional multicellular arrays for studies of cell-cell and cell-environment interactions. Tissue Eng Part C Methods. 2011; 17:973–982.

22. Xu T, Baicu C, Aho M, Zile M, Boland T. Fabrication and characterization of bio-engineered cardiac pseudo tissues. Biofabrication. 2009; 1:035001.

23. Binder KW, Zhao W, Aboushwareb T, Dice D, Atala A, Yoo JJ. In situ bioprinting of the skin for burns. J Am Coll Surg. 2010; 211:7.

24. Khalil S, Sun W. Biopolymer deposition for freeform fabrication of hydrogel tissue constructs. Mater Sci Eng: C. 2007; 27:469–478.

25. Cui X, Dean D, Ruggeri ZM, Boland T. Cell damage evaluation of thermal inkjet printed Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2010; 106:963–969.

26. Xu T, Jin J, Gregory C, Hickman JJ, Boland T. Inkjet printing of viable mammalian cells. Biomaterials. 2005; 26:93–99.

27. Mironov V, Trusk T, Kasyanov V, Little S, Swaja R, Markwald R. Biofabrication: a 21st century manufacturing paradigm. Biofabrication. 2009; 1:022001.

28. Muradoglu M, Tasoglu S. Impact and Spreading of a Microdroplet on a Solid Wall. In : ASME 2009 7th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels: American Society of Mechanical Engineers; 2009. p. 1095–1106.

29. Mironov V, Markwald RR, Forgacs G. ORGAN PRINTING: SELF-ASSEMBLING CELL AGGREGATES AS "BIOINK". Sci Med. 2003; 9:69–71.

30. Reddi AH. Morphogenesis and tissue engineering. In : Lanza RP, Langer R, Vacanti J, editors. Principles of tissue engineering. 2nd ed. San Diego: Academic press;2011. p. 81–92.

31. Mironov V, Prestwich G, Forgacs G. Bioprinting living structures. J Mater Chem. 2007; 17:2054–2060.

32. Leong KG, Wang BE, Johnson L, Gao WQ. Generation of a prostate from a single adult stem cell. Nature. 2008; 456:804–808.

33. Guillemot F, Mironov V, Nakamura M. Bioprinting is coming of age: Report from the International Conference on Bioprinting and Biofabrication in Bordeaux (3B'09). Biofabrication. 2010; 2:010201.

34. Mondy WL, Cameron D, Timmermans JP, De Clerck N, Sasov A, Casteleyn C, et al. Computer-aided design of microvasculature systems for use in vascular scaffold production. Biofabrication. 2009; 1:035002.

35. Norotte C, Marga FS, Niklason LE, Forgacs G. Scaffold-free vascular tissue engineering using bioprinting. Biomaterials. 2009; 30:5910–5917.

36. Duan B, Hockaday LA, Kang KH, Butcher JT. 3D bioprinting of heterogeneous aortic valve conduits with alginate/gelatin hydrogels. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2013; 101:1255–1264.

37. Duan B, Kapetanovic E, Hockaday LA, Butcher JT. Three-dimensional printed trileaflet valve conduits using biological hydrogels and human valve interstitial cells. Acta Biomater. 2014; 10:1836–1846.

38. Cui X, Breitenkamp K, Finn MG, Lotz M, D'Lima DD. Direct human cartilage repair using three-dimensional bioprinting technology. Tissue Eng Part A. 2012; 18:1304–1312.

39. Zopf DA, Hollister SJ, Nelson ME, Ohye RG, Green GE. Bioresorbable airway splint created with a three-dimensional printer. N Engl J Med. 2013; 368:2043–2045.

40. Fedorovich NE, De Wijn JR, Verbout AJ, Alblas J, Dhert WJ. Three-dimensional fiber deposition of cell-laden, viable, patterned constructs for bone tissue printing. Tissue Eng Part A. 2008; 14:127–133.

41. Zhao Y, Yao R, Ouyang L, Ding H, Zhang T, Zhang K, et al. Three-dimensional printing of Hela cells for cervical tumor model in vitro. Biofabrication. 2014; 6:035001.

42. Fedorovich NE, Schuurman W, Wijnberg HM, Prins HJ, van Weeren PR, Malda J, et al. Biofabrication of osteochondral tissue equivalents by printing topologically defined, cell-laden hydrogel scaffolds. Tissue Eng Part C Methods. 2012; 18:33–44.

43. Phillippi JA, Miller E, Weiss L, Huard J, Waggoner A, Campbell P. Microenvironments engineered by inkjet bioprinting spatially direct adult stem cells toward muscle- and bone-like subpopulations. Stem Cells. 2008; 26:127–134.

44. Baltich J, Hatch-Vallier L, Adams AM, Arruda EM, Larkin LM. Development of a scaffoldless three-dimensional engineered nerve using a nerve-fibroblast co-culture. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 2010; 46:438–444.

45. Lee W, Debasitis JC, Lee VK, Lee JH, Fischer K, Edminster K, et al. Multi-layered culture of human skin fibroblasts and keratinocytes through three-dimensional freeform fabrication. Biomaterials. 2009; 30:1587–1595.

46. Reilly GC, Engler AJ. Intrinsic extracellular matrix properties regulate stem cell differentiation. J Biomech. 2010; 43:55–62.

47. Engler AJ, Sweeney HL, Discher DE, Schwarzbauer JE. Extracellular matrix elasticity directs stem cell differentiation. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2007; 7:335.

48. Schuh E, Kramer J, Rohwedel J, Notbohm H, Muller R, Gutsmann T, et al. Effect of matrix elasticity on the maintenance of the chondrogenic phenotype. Tissue Eng Part A. 2010; 16:1281–1290.

49. Tasoglu S, Kaynak G, Szeri AJ, Demirci U, Muradoglu M. Impact of a compound droplet on a flat surface: a model for single cell epitaxy. Phys Fluids (1994). 2010; 22.

50. Muradoglu M, Tasoglu S. A front-tracking method for computational modeling of impact and spreading of viscous droplets on solid walls. Comput Fluids. 2010; 39:615–625.