Yonsei Med J.  2004 Jun;45(Suppl):S71A2-S72A2. 10.3349/ymj.2004.45.Suppl.71A2.

Immune Monitoring of Cancer Vaccines

• Wang E
• Panelli MC
• Monsurro V
• Ping J
• Zavaglia K
• Marincola

• KMID: 1726151
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2004.45.Suppl.71A2

Abstract

The recent progress in tumor immunology exemplifies the successful application of modern biotechnology for the understanding of the complex natural or therapy-induced phenomenon of immune-mediated rejection of cancer. Tumor antigens recognized by T cells were identified and successfully utilized in active immunization trials for the induction of tumor-antigen specific T cells. This achievement has left, however, the clinicians and researchers perplexed by the paradoxical observation of the immunization-induced T cells can recognize tumor cells in standard assays but most often cannot induce tumor regression. In this presentation, we will argue that successful immunization is one of several steps required for tumor clearance but more work needs to be done to understand how T cells can localize and be effective at the receiving end within a tumor microenvironment in most cases not conducive to the execution of their effector function. In fact, metastatic melanoma stands out among human cancers because of its immune responsiveness. Yet, the reason(s) remain(s) unclear. We have previously suggested that a promising strategy for the understanding of melanoma immune responsiveness could consist of the study of tumor/host interactions ex vivo through genetic profiling of serial fine needle aspirate biopsies that allow direct correlation between experimental results and clinical outcome.1 By prospectively studying the transcriptional profile of melanoma metastases during immunotherapy we observed that immune responsiveness is pre-determined by an immune reactive micro-environment.2 Interestingly, the addition of systemic interleukin-2 therapy to active specific immunization seems to increase the frequency of immune rejections of cancer. Functional profiling of the effect of interleukin-2 in tumors suggested that this cytokine induces or enhances the effector function of immunization-induced T cells by causing an acute inflammatory process at the tumor site that can in turn recruit and activate T cells.3 Thus, we hypothesize that effective immune responses occur when a pro- inflammatory inflammatory threshold is reached at tumor site capable of maintaining active immunization induced-T cells.4 To search the reason for the erratic behavior of metastatic melanoma, we analyzed 62 melanoma metastases to identify functional signatures possibly responsible for immune responsiveness. Melanoma metastases were biopsied with a 23 gauge needle and anti- sense RNA was amplified to produce single stranded cDNA for hybridization to custom-made cDNA arrays.5 Genes specific for the tumor microenvironment were sorted (Wilcoxon test p-value< 0.001). Eisens's hierarchical clustering was applied to the resulting gene pool and two subsets of melanomas were identified. A smaller cluster including 15 samples (24%) was characterized by significantly higher expression of the inflammatory cytokines GRO-alpha MIP-1alphaand beta MPC-1, -3 and -4, IL-1beta IL-8, RANTES, Lymphotactin and Lymphotoxin. This signature strongly correlated with up-regulation of IFN- responsive elements. The same cluster displayed a higher expression of MMP-9, 11 and 15 (cytokine-dependent metalloproteinases), genes encoding growth and angio-regulatory factors and cell cycle regulatory sequences. These findings suggested that some melanoma metastases display a very heterogeneous immune environment that could variably modulate T cell function at the receiving end of the immune response against cancer and could co- operate with the pro- inflammatory effects of the systemic administration of intereleukin-2. Although these studies need to be confirmed in larger patient populations this report suggests that strategies are presently available for the efficient screening of biological principles and related biomarkers using high-throughput technology. References: 1. Wang E, Marincola FM. A natural history of melanoma: serial gene expression analysis. Immunol Today 2000; 21:619-23. 2. Wang E, Miller LD, Ohnmacht GA, Mocellin S, Petersen D, Zhao Y, et al. Prospective molecular profiling of subcutaneous melanoma metastases suggests classifiers of immune responsiveness. Cancer Res 2002;62: 3581-6. 3. Panelli MC, Wang E, Phan G, Puhlman M, Miller L, Ohnmacht GA, et al. Genetic profiling of peripharal mononuclear cells and melanoma metastases in response to systemic interleukin-2 administration. Genome Biol 2002;3: RESEARCH0035. 4. Marincola FM, Wang E, Herlyn M, Seliger B, Ferrone S. Tumors as elusive targets of T cell- directed immunotherapy. Trends Immunol 2003;24334-41. 5. Wang E, Miller L, Ohnmacht GA, Liu E, Marincola FM. High fidelity mRNA amplification for gene profiling using cDNA microarrays. Nature Biotech 2000;17:457-9.

Keyword

Melanoma; immunotherapy; functional genomics; cancer vaccines; T cell immunology