J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg.  2013 Jun;39(3):103-111. 10.5125/jkaoms.2013.39.3.103.

Tooth-derived bone graft material

• Kim YK
• Lee J
• Um IW
• Kim KW
• Murata M
• Akazawa T
• Mitsugi M

• KMID: 1430477
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.5125/jkaoms.2013.39.3.103

Abstract

With successful extraction of growth factors and bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) from mammalian teeth, many researchers have supported development of a bone substitute using tooth-derived substances. Some studies have also expanded the potential use of teeth as a carrier for growth factors and stem cells. A broad overview of the published findings with regard to tooth-derived regenerative tissue engineering technique is outlined. Considering more than 100 published papers, our team has developed the protocols and techniques for processing of bone graft material using extracted teeth. Based on current studies and studies that will be needed in the future, we can anticipate development of scaffolds, homogenous and xenogenous tooth bone grafts, and dental restorative materials using extracted teeth.

Keyword

Tooth; Dentin; Demineralized dentin matrix; Bone substitutes; Tissue engineering

MeSH Terms

Bone Substitutes
Dentin
Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
Proteins
Stem Cells
Tissue Engineering
Tooth
Transplants
Bone Substitutes
Dentin
Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
Proteins

Figure

• 

  Fig. 1 A. Extracted teeth are ready to be fabricated into autogenous tooth bone graft (AutoBT) in either powder form or block form. B. AutoBT powder. C. AutoBT block form.

• 

  Fig. 2 A case of sinus bone graft and delayed implant placement in the left maxillary first molar in a 32-year-old female patient. AutoBT powder was used as bone graft material. A. Pre-surgery computed tomography. B. Four months' post-operative computed tomography. C. Panoramic x-ray soon after implant placement.

• 

  Fig. 3 A case of autogenous tooth bone graft (AutoBT) block socket graft followed by implant placement in a 41-year-old female patient. A. Pre-surgery panoramic x-ray showed bony defect with close proximity to the inferior alveolar nerve after extraction of the left mandibular second molar. B. The AutoBT block form fabricated from the extracted tooth was grafted at the extraction socket. C. Well-formed new bones were observed after raising a flap 5 months after the socket graft. D. Short wide implant was placed at the site. E. Periapical radiograph 6 months after the final prosthesis.

• 

  Fig. 4 A. High-magnification image of new bone formation around the tooth elements. Marginal scalloping of the implant chip suggested that remodeling was occurring in the new bone-implant chip interface.(H&E staining, ×100) B. Newly formed bone and tooth materials showing remodeling were identified around the implant chip and at the periphery of the implant chip, respectively.(H&E staining, ×100)Images from the article of Kim et al.78 (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010;109:496-503).

Reference

1. Yoshida T, Vivatbutsiri P, Morriss-Kay G, Saga Y, Iseki S. Cell lineage in mammalian craniofacial mesenchyme. Mech Dev. 2008; 125:797–808. PMID: 18617001.

2. Morrison SJ, White PM, Zock C, Anderson DJ. Prospective identification, isolation by flow cytometry, and in vivo self-renewal of multipotent mammalian neural crest stem cells. Cell. 1999; 96:737–749. PMID: 10089888.

3. Stevens A, Zuliani T, Olejnik C, LeRoy H, Obriot H, Kerr-Conte J, et al. Human dental pulp stem cells differentiate into neural crest-derived melanocytes and have label-retaining and sphere-forming abilities. Stem Cells Dev. 2008; 17:1175–1184. PMID: 18393638.

4. Arthur A, Rychkov G, Shi S, Koblar SA, Gronthos S. Adult human dental pulp stem cells differentiate toward functionally active neurons under appropriate environmental cues. Stem Cells. 2008; 26:1787–1795. PMID: 18499892.

5. Reddi AH. Bone matrix in the solid state: geometric influence on differentiation of fibroblasts. Adv Biol Med Phys. 1974; 15:1–18. PMID: 4600893.

6. Huggins C, Wiseman S, Reddi AH. Transformation of fibroblasts by allogeneic and xenogeneic transplants of demineralized tooth and bone. J Exp Med. 1970; 132:1250–1258. PMID: 4929179.

7. Urist MR, Strates BS. Bone morphogenetic protein. J Dent Res. 1971; 50:1392–1406. PMID: 4943222.

8. Kawai T, Urist MR. Bovine tooth-derived bone morphogenetic protein. J Dent Res. 1989; 68:1069–1074. PMID: 2808865.

9. Bessho K, Tagawa T, Murata M. Purification of rabbit bone morphogenetic protein derived from bone, dentin, and wound tissue after tooth extraction. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1990; 48:162–169. PMID: 2299457.

10. Bessho K, Tagawa T, Murata M. Comparison of bone matrix-derived bone morphogenetic proteins from various animals. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1992; 50:496–501. PMID: 1573485.

11. Feng JQ, Luan X, Wallace J, Jing D, Ohshima T, Kulkarni AB, et al. Genomic organization, chromosomal mapping, and promoter analysis of the mouse dentin sialophosphoprotein (Dspp) gene, which codes for both dentin sialoprotein and dentin phosphoprotein. J Biol Chem. 1998; 273:9457–9464. PMID: 9545272.

12. Ritchie HH, Ritchie DG, Wang LH. Six decades of dentinogenesis research. Historical and prospective views on phosphophoryn and dentin sialoprotein. Eur J Oral Sci. 1998; 106(Suppl 1):211–220. PMID: 9541228.

13. Hoeppner LH, Secreto F, Jensen ED, Li X, Kahler RA, Westendorf JJ. Runx2 and bone morphogenic protein 2 regulate the expression of an alternative Lef1 transcript during osteoblast maturation. J Cell Physiol. 2009; 221:480–489. PMID: 19650108.

14. Handschin AE, Egermann M, Trentz O, Wanner GA, Kock HJ, Zünd G, et al. Cbfa-1 (Runx-2) and osteocalcin expression by human osteoblasts in heparin osteoporosis in vitro. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2006; 12:465–472. PMID: 17000892.

15. Ye L, MacDougall M, Zhang S, Xie Y, Zhang J, Li Z, et al. Deletion of dentin matrix protein-1 leads to a partial failure of maturation of predentin into dentin, hypomineralization, and expanded cavities of pulp and root canal during postnatal tooth development. J Biol Chem. 2004; 279:19141–19148. PMID: 14966118.

16. Kim YK, Kim SG, Oh JS, Jin SC, Son JS, Kim SY, et al. Analysis of the inorganic component of autogenous tooth bone graft material. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2011; 11:7442–7445. PMID: 22103215.

17. Kim GW, Yeo IS, Kim SG, Um IW, Kim YK. Analysis of crystalline structure of autogenous tooth bone graft material: X-Ray diffraction analysis. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011; 37:225–228.

18. Karfeld-Sulzer LS, Weber FE. Biomaterial development for oral and maxillofacial bone regeneration. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012; 38:264–270.

19. Urist MR. Bone: formation by autoinduction. Science. 1965; 150:893–899. PMID: 5319761.

20. Hanamura H, Higuchi Y, Nakagawa M, Iwata H, Nogami H, Urist MR. Solubilized bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) from mouse osteosarcoma and rat demineralized bone matrix. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1980; (148):281–290. PMID: 6929747.

21. Sampath TK, Reddi AH. Homology of bone-inductive proteins from human, monkey, bovine, and rat extracellular matrix. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983; 80:6591–6595. PMID: 6579546.

22. Butler WT, Mikulski A, Urist MR, Bridges G, Uyeno S. Noncollagenous proteins of a rat dentin matrix possessing bone morphogenetic activity. J Dent Res. 1977; 56:228–232. PMID: 265954.

23. Conover MA, Urist MR. Dentin matrix morphogenetic protein. The chemistry and biology of mineralized connective tissues: Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Chemistry and Biology of Mineralized Connective Tissues. 1981. 3-7 May 1981; Northwestern University Dental School, Chicago, IL, USA. New York: Elsevier-North Holland Inc;p. 597–606.

24. PH Chung. Method for extracting tooth protein from extracted tooth. Korea Intellectual Property Rights Information Service. Patent. Application No. 10-2002-0008789.

25. PH Chung. Tooth protein extracted from extracted tooth and method for using the same. Korea intellectual property rights information service. Patent. Application No. 10-2004-0 051812.

26. Chiba M. Experimental studies of bone morphogenetic protein derived from bovine tooth. Jpn J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1988; 34:1557–1566.

27. Urist MR, Mizutani H, Conover MA, Lietze A, Finerman GA. Dentin, bone, and osteosarcoma tissue bone morphogenetic proteins. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1982; 101:61–81. PMID: 6760205.

28. Bessho K, Tagawa T, Murata M. Analysis of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) derived from human and bovine bone matrix. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1991; (268):226–234. PMID: 2060214.

29. Bessho K, Tanaka N, Matsumoto J, Tagawa T, Murata M. Human dentin-matrix-derived bone morphogenetic protein. J Dent Res. 1991; 70:171–175. PMID: 1999554.

30. Ito K, Arakawa T, Murata M, Tazaki J, Takuma T, Arisue M. Analysis of bone morphogenetic protein in human dental pulp tissues. Arch Bioceramics Res. 2008; 8:166–169.

31. Chae YP, Lee JH, Kim SK, Yeo HH. A histologic study on the repair of rat calvarial critical size defect with bovine bone morphogenetic protein (b-BMP). J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1997; 23:290–303.

32. Kim BR, Lee JH, Kim JW. Comparison of bone inducing process of porcine bone matrix-derived bmp combined with the following, freeze-dried allogeneic bone, surface demineralized allogeneic bone, and demineralized allogeneic bone powder in rats. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1998; 24:380–395.

33. Oh DW, Lee SH, Shin HI. Histologic evaluation of the ectopic bone formation induced by partially purified BMP-fibrous glass membrane complex. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1996; 22:86–100.

34. Park JC, Yu SB, Chung YI, Tae GY, Kim JJ, Park YD, et al. Bone regeneration with MMP sensitive hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel, rhBMP-2 and nanoparticles in rat calvarial critical size defect(CSD) model. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009; 35:137–145.

35. Kim SJ, Kim MR, Oh JS, Han I, Shin SW. Effects of polycaprolactone-tricalcium phosphate, recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 and dog mesenchymal stem cells on bone formation: pilot study in dogs. Yonsei Med J. 2009; 50:825–831. PMID: 20046425.

36. Lee JH, Kim CS, Choi KH, Jung UW, Yun JH, Choi SH, et al. The induction of bone formation in rat calvarial defects and subcutaneous tissues by recombinant human BMP-2, produced in Escherichia coli. Biomaterials. 2010; 31:3512–3519. PMID: 20149447.

37. Schmidt-Schultz TH, Schultz M. Intact growth factors are conserved in the extracellular matrix of ancient human bone and teeth: a storehouse for the study of human evolution in health and disease. Biol Chem. 2005; 386:767–776. PMID: 16201872.

38. Gao J, Symons AL, Bartold PM. Expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta1) in the developing periodontium of rats. J Dent Res. 1998; 77:1708–1716. PMID: 9759668.

39. Finkelman RD, Mohan S, Jennings JC, Taylor AK, Jepsen S, Baylink DJ. Quantitation of growth factors IGF-I, SGF/IGF-II, and TGF-beta in human dentin. J Bone Miner Res. 1990; 5:717–723. PMID: 2396498.

40. Rocha LB, Goissis G, Rossi MA. Biocompatibility of anionic collagen matrix as scaffold for bone healing. Biomaterials. 2002; 23:449–456. PMID: 11761165.

41. Rosa FP, Lia RC, de Souza KO, Goissis G, Marcantonio E Jr. Tissue response to polyanionic collagen: elastin matrices implanted in rat calvaria. Biomaterials. 2003; 24:207–212. PMID: 12419620.

42. Maki F, Murata M, Kitajo H, Sato D, Taira H, Arisue M. Bone healing in large mandibular defects without periosteum in adult rabbits: a new application of collagenous sponge for bone regeneration. J Hard Tissue Biol. 2000; 9:56–62.

43. Nampo T, Watahiki J, Enomoto A, Taguchi T, Ono M, Nakano H, et al. A new method for alveolar bone repair using extracted teeth for the graft material. J Periodontol. 2010; 81:1264–1272. PMID: 20476887.

44. Linde A. Dentin matrix proteins: composition and possible functions in calcification. Anat Rec. 1989; 224:154–166. PMID: 2672882.

45. Gongloff RK. Vital root retention. A 5-year experience. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1986; 15:33–38. PMID: 3083004.

46. Fareed K, Khayat R, Salins P. Vital root retention: a clinical procedure. J Prosthet Dent. 1989; 62:430–434. PMID: 2585312.

47. Freedman GL. Intentional partial odontectomy: report of case. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1992; 50:419–421. PMID: 1545302.

48. Tsukamoto-Tanaka H, Ikegame M, Takagi R, Harada H, Ohshima H. Histochemical and immunocytochemical study of hard tissue formation in dental pulp during the healing process in rat molars after tooth replantation. Cell Tissue Res. 2006; 325:219–229. PMID: 16596394.

49. Takamori Y, Suzuki H, Nakakura-Ohshima K, Cai J, Cho SW, Jung HS, et al. Capacity of dental pulp differentiation in mouse molars as demonstrated by allogenic tooth transplantation. J Histochem Cytochem. 2008; 56:1075–1086. PMID: 18765839.

50. Hasegawa T, Suzuki H, Yoshie H, Ohshima H. Influence of extended operation time and of occlusal force on determination of pulpal healing pattern in replanted mouse molars. Cell Tissue Res. 2007; 329:259–272. PMID: 17497176.

51. Bang G, Urist MR. Bone induction in excavation chambers in matrix of decalcified dentin. Arch Surg. 1967; 94:781–789. PMID: 4226076.

52. Yeomans JD, Urist MR. Bone induction by decalcified dentine implanted into oral, osseous and muscle tissues. Arch Oral Biol. 1967; 12:999–1008. PMID: 4226721.

53. Carvalho VA, Tosello Dde O, Salgado MA, Gomes MF. Histomorphometric analysis of homogenous demineralized dentin matrix as osteopromotive material in rabbit mandibles. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2004; 19:679–686. PMID: 15508983.

54. Gomes MF, Banzi EC, Destro MF, Lavinicki V, Goulart MD. Homogenous demineralized dentin matrix for application in cranioplasty of rabbits with alloxan-induced diabetes: histomorphometric analysis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2007; 22:939–947. PMID: 18271375.

55. Bessho K, Tagawa T, Murata M. Purification of bone morphogenetic protein derived from bovine bone matrix. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989; 165:595–601. PMID: 2597148.

56. Nilsson OS, Urist MR, Dawson EG, Schmalzried TP, Finerman GA. Bone repair induced by bone morphogenetic protein in ulnar defects in dogs. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1986; 68:635–642. PMID: 3733844.

57. Sato K, Urist MR. Induced regeneration of calvaria by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) in dogs. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1985; (197):301–311. PMID: 4017344.

58. Urist MR. Experimental delivery systems for bone morphogenetic protein. In : Wise DL, Altobelli DE, Schwartz ER, Gresser JD, Trantolo DJ, Yaszemski M, editors. Handbook of biomaterials and applications. Section 3: Orthopaedic biomaterials applications. Boston: Marcel Dekker;1995. p. 1093–1133.

59. Herford AS, Boyne PJ. Reconstruction of mandibular continuity defects with bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2). J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008; 66:616–624. PMID: 18355584.

60. Jung RE, Weber FE, Thoma DS, Ehrbar M, Cochran DL, Hämmerle CH. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 enhances bone formation when delivered by a synthetic matrix containing hydroxyapatite/tricalciumphosphate. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2008; 19:188–195. PMID: 18067602.

61. Boerckel JD, Kolambkar YM, Dupont KM, Uhrig BA, Phelps EA, Stevens HY, et al. Effects of protein dose and delivery system on BMP-mediated bone regeneration. Biomaterials. 2011; 32:5241–5251. PMID: 21507479.

62. Ike M, Urist MR. Recycled dentin root matrix for a carrier of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein. J Oral Implantol. 1998; 24:124–132. PMID: 9893518.

63. Yagihashi K, Miyazawa K, Togari K, Goto S. Demineralized dentin matrix acts as a scaffold for repair of articular cartilage defects. Calcif Tissue Int. 2009; 84:210–220. PMID: 19183824.

64. Murata M. Bone engineering using human demineralized dentin matrix and recombinant human BMP-2. Hard Tissue Biol. 2005; 14:80–81.

65. Murata M, Akazawa T, Hino J, Tazaki J, Ito K, Arisue M. Biochemical and histo-morphometrical analyses of bone and cartilage induced by human decalcified dentin matrix and BMP-2. Oral Biol Res. 2011; 35:9–14.

66. Urist MR. Bone histogenesis and morphogenesis in implants of demineralized enamel and dentin. J Oral Surg. 1971; 29:88–102. PMID: 4927173.

67. Inoue T, Deporter DA, Melcher AH. Induction of cartilage and bone by dentin demineralized in citric acid. J Periodontal Res. 1986; 21:243–255. PMID: 2941557.

68. Murata M, Kawai T, Kawakami T, Akazawa T, Tazaki J, Ito K, et al. Human acid-insoluble dentin with BMP-2 accelerates boneinduction in subcutaneous and intramuscular tissues. J Ceram Soc Jpn. 2010; 118:438–441.

69. Bang G. Induction of heterotopic bone formation by demineralized dentin in guinea pigs: antigenicity of the dentin matrix. J Oral Pathol. 1972; 1:172–185. PMID: 4125138.

70. Bang G. Induction of heterotopic bone formation by demineralized dentin: an experimental model in guinea pigs. Scand J Dent Res. 1973; 81:240–250. PMID: 4269633.

71. Urist MR, Dowell TA, Hay PH, Strates BS. Inductive substrates for bone formation. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1968; 59:59–96. PMID: 4969827.

72. Huggins CB, Urist MR. Dentin matrix transformation: rapid induction of alkaline phosphatase and cartilage. Science. 1970; 167:896–898. PMID: 5410857.

73. Reddi AH, Huggins C. Biochemical sequences in the transformation of normal fibroblasts in adolescent rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1972; 69:1601–1605. PMID: 4504376.

74. Reddi AH, Anderson WA. Collagenous bone matrix-induced endochondral ossification hemopoiesis. J Cell Biol. 1976; 69:557–572. PMID: 1270511.

75. Urist MR, DeLange RJ, Finerman GA. Bone cell differentiation and growth factors. Science. 1983; 220:680–686. PMID: 6403986.

76. Tazaki J, Murata M, Yusa T, Akazawa T, Ito K, Hino J, et al. Autograft of human tooth and demineralized dentin matricesfor bone augmentation. J Ceram Soc Jpn. 2010; 118:442–445.

77. Lee HJ. Quantitative analysis of proliferation and differentiation of MG-63 cell line on the bone grafting material using human tooth [PhD thesis]. 2011. Seoul: School of Dentistry, Seoul National University.

78. Kim YK, Kim SG, Byeon JH, Lee HJ, Um IU, Lim SC, et al. Development of a novel bone grafting material using autogenous teeth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2010; 109:496–503. PMID: 20060336.

79. Kim YK. Clinical application and classification of bone graft material according to component. J Korean Dent Assoc. 2010; 48:263–274.

80. Jeong HR, Hwang JH, Lee JK. Effectiveness of autogenous tooth bone used as a graft material for regeneration of bone in miniature pig. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011; 37:375–379.

81. Catanzaro-Guimarães SA, Catanzaro Guimarães BP, Garcia RB, Alle N. Osteogenic potential of autogenic demineralized dentin implanted in bony defects in dogs. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1986; 15:160–169. PMID: 3083019.

82. Gomes MF, dos Anjos MJ, Nogueira TO, Guimarães SA. Histologic evaluation of the osteoinductive property of autogenous demineralized dentin matrix on surgical bone defects in rabbit skulls using human amniotic membrane for guided bone regeneration. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2001; 16:563–571. PMID: 11516004.

83. Gomes MF, dos Anjos MJ, Nogueira Tde O, Catanzaro Guimarães SA. Autogenous demineralized dentin matrix for tissue engineering applications: radiographic and histomorphometric studies. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2002; 17:488–497. PMID: 12182291.

84. Gomes MF, Abreu PP, Morosolli AR, Araújo MM, Goulart Md. Densitometric analysis of the autogenous demineralized dentin matrix on the dental socket wound healing process in humans. Braz Oral Res. 2006; 20:324–330. PMID: 17242793.

85. Murata M, Sato D, Hino J, Akazawa T, Tazaki J, Ito K, et al. Acid-insoluble human dentin as carrier material for recombinant human BMP-2. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2012; 100:571–577. PMID: 22213638.

86. Ryu SY, Park SI, Kim SH. Effects of demineralized dentin matrix on osseointegration of implants in dogs. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1996; 22:15–27.

87. Shapoff CA, Bowers GM, Levy B, Mellonig JT, Yukna RA. The effect of particle size on the osteogenic activity of composite grafts of allogeneic freeze-dried bone and autogenous marrow. J Periodontol. 1980; 51:625–630. PMID: 7007609.

88. Bhaskar SN, Cutright DE, Knapp MJ, Beasley JD, Perez B, Driskell TD. Tissue reaction to intrabony ceramic implants. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1971; 31:282–289. PMID: 5277379.

89. Hosny M, Sharawy M. Osteoinduction in young and old rats using demineralized bone powder allografts. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1985; 43:925–931. PMID: 3906057.

90. Murata M, Akazawa T, Mitsugi M, Um IW, Kim KW, Kim YK, Pignatello R. Human dentin as novel biomaterial for bone regeneration. Biomaterials-physics and chemistry. 2011. p. 127–140.

91. Miyata Y, Ozawa S, Kojima N, Kondo Y, Matuskawa R, Tanaka Y. An experimental study of bone grafting using rat milled tooth. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2011; 26:1210–1216. PMID: 22167425.

92. Kim SG, Yeo HH, Kim YK. Grafting of large defects of the jaws with a particulate dentin-plaster of paris combination. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1999; 88:22–25. PMID: 10442940.

93. Kim JY, Kim KW, Um IW, Kim YK, Lee JK. Bone healing capacity of demineralized dentin matrix materials in a mini-pig cranium defect. J Korean Dent Sci. 2012; 5:21–28.

94. Kim YK, Lee JY. The evaluation of postoperative safety of autogenous teeth bone graft. J Korean Acad Implant Dent. 2009; 28:29–35.

95. Kim YK, Kim SG, Kim KW, Um IW. Extraction socket preservation and reconstruction using autogenous tooth bone graft: case report. J Korean Assoc Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011; 33:264–269.

96. Kim YK, Yi YJ. Horizontal ridge augmentation using ridge expansion and autogenous tooth bone graft: a case report. J Dent Rehabil Appl Sci. 2011; 27:109–115.

97. Kim YK, Lee HJ, Kim KW, Kim SG, Um IW. Guide bone regeneration using autogenous teeth: case reports. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011; 37:142–147.

98. Kim YK, Kim SG, Um IW. Vertical and horizontal ridge augmentation using autogenous tooth bone graft materials: case report. J Korean Assoc Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011; 33:166–170.

99. Lee JH, Kim SG, Moon SY, Oh JS, Kim YK. Clinical effectiveness of bone grafting material using autogenous tooth: preliminary report. J Korean Assoc Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011; 33:144–148.

100. Jeong KI, Kim SG, Kim YK, Oh JS, Jeong MA, Park JJ. Clinical study of graft materials using autogenous teeth in maxillary sinus augmentation. Implant Dent. 2011; 20:471–475. PMID: 22067601.

101. Jeong KI, Kim SG, Oh JS, Lim SC. Maxillary sinus augmentation using autogenous teeth: preliminary report. J Korean Assoc Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011; 33:256–263.

102. Park SM, Um IW, Kim YK, Kim KW. Clinical application of auto-tooth bone graft material. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012; 38:2–8.

103. Lee JY, Kim YK, Kim SG, Lim SC. Histomorphometric study of sinus bone graft using various graft material. J Dent Rehabil Appl Sci. 2011; 27:141–147.

104. Lee JY, Kim YK. Retrospective cohort study of autogenous tooth bone graft. Oral Biol Res. 2012; 36:39–43.