Epidemiol Health.
2025;47(1):e2025007. 10.4178/epih.e2025007.
Levels of exposure markers among residents in environmentally vulnerable areas in Korea, the general population in Korea, and Asians in the United States
- Affiliations
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- 1Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
- 2Institute of Environmental Health, Seokyeong University, Seoul, Korea
- 3Department of Environmental Chemical Engineering, Seokyeong University, Seoul, Korea
- 4Department of Preventive Medicine, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
- 5Department of Preventive Medicine, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
- 6Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
- KMID: 2567688
- DOI: http://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2025007
Abstract
- This study compares biomarker levels among environmentally vulnerable residents in Korea, the general Korean population, and Asians in the United States. We selected 953 exposed residents and 204 controls from the Forensic Research via Omics Markers in Environmental Health Vulnerable Areas (FROM) study (2021-2023), 4,239 participants from the fourth Korean National Environmental Health Survey (2018-2020), and 996 Asians from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2017-March 2020). The analyzed biomarkers included blood and urinary metals, urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nicotine, volatile organic compounds, and serum perfluorocarbon metabolites. The highest median biomarker levels varied by pollution source among older adults. In refineries, blood lead and cadmium (Cd), as well as urinary Cd and 2-hydroxyfluorene, were highest. Abandoned metal mines exhibited the highest blood and urinary mercury, urinary Cd, total arsenic (As), 2-naphthol, and cotinine levels. Coal-fired power plants showed the highest urinary 1- hydroxyphenanthrene levels, while cement factories had the highest urinary As3+ levels. Sprawls demonstrated the highest urinary monomethylarsonic acid, 1-hydroxypyrene, and phenylglyoxylic acid levels, and industrial areas recorded the highest levels of trans, trans-muconic acid, benzylmercapturic acid, and 2-methylhippuric acid. In general, biomarker levels were higher among exposed residents in the FROM study than in the general population; however, urinary 2-hydroxyfluorene and As5+ levels did not differ significantly. Exposure to pollution sources in environmentally vulnerable areas may elevate biomarker levels in residents.
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