J Prev Med Public Health.  2025 Mar;58(2):136-145. 10.3961/jpmph.24.278.

Prevalence, Sources, and Correlates of Second-hand Smoke Exposure Among Non-smoking Pregnant Women in India

• Ahmed F
• Gawde N
• Parasuraman S

• KMID: 2566023
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.278

Abstract

Objectives
Second-hand tobacco smoke (SHS) is a risk factor for adverse health outcomes, particularly among pregnant women. This study aimed to address the research gap concerning the prevalence and correlates of SHS exposure at home and in public settings among non-smoking pregnant women in India.
Methods
The dataset from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (2016-17), India, was utilised to evaluate the prevalence of SHS exposure in pregnant women both at home and in public spaces. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was employed to identify the determinants of SHS exposure among this population.
Results
The prevalence of SHS exposure at home was 36.9%, while exposure outside the home was 26.5%. Among non-smoking pregnant women, 10.0% were exposed to SHS on public transport. The risk of SHS exposure at home was significantly higher in the North (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 5.33; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.45 to 11.60), Central (aOR, 4.46; 95% CI, 1.98 to 10.02), and Northeast (aOR, 4.18; 95% CI, 1.78 to 9.81) regions compared to the South. Pregnant women aged 25-34 (aOR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.39 to 0.93) and those aged 35 and above (aOR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.27 to 0.86), as well as those with secondary (aOR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.30 to 0.85) or higher education (aOR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.15 to 0.58), had lower odds of SHS exposure at home. For SHS exposure outside the home, the North region (aOR, 2.53; 95% CI, 1.19 to 5.36), employment status (aOR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.13 to 3.47), and belonging to scheduled tribes (aOR, 3.20; 95% CI, 1.25 to 8.21) were associated with higher odds.
Conclusions
The prevalence of SHS exposure among pregnant non-smoking women was notably high both at home and in external environments.

Keyword

Pregnancy, Tobacco smoke pollution, Home environment, Working conditions, India