J Breast Cancer.  2023 Apr;26(2):152-167. 10.4048/jbc.2023.26.e10.

A Preliminary Experience of Endoscopic Total Mastectomy With Immediate Free Abdominal-Based Perforator Flap Reconstruction Using Minimal Incisions, and Literature Review

• Ngaserin S
• Wong AWJ
• Qi-Hui Leong F
• Feng JJ
• Kok YO
• Tan BKT

• KMID: 2541765
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4048/jbc.2023.26.e10

Abstract

Purpose
Endoscopic total mastectomy (ETM) is predominantly performed with reconstruction using prostheses, lipofilling, omental flaps, latissimus dorsi flaps, or a combination of these techniques. Common approaches include minimal incisions, e.g., periareolar, inframammary, axillary, or mid-axillary line, which limit the technical ability to perform autologous flap insets and microvascular anastomoses, as such the ETM with free abdominal-based perforator flap reconstruction has not been robustly explored.
Methods
We studied female patients with breast cancer who underwent ETM and abdominal-based flap reconstruction. Clinical-radiological-pathological characteristics, surgery, complications, recurrence rates, and aesthetic outcomes were reviewed.
Results
Twelve patients underwent ETM with abdominal-based flap reconstruction. The mean age was 53.4 years (range 36–65). Of the patients, 33.3% were surgically treated for stage I, 58.4% for stage II, and 8.3% for stage III cancer. Mean tumor size was 35.4 mm (range 1–67). Mean specimen weight was 458.75 g (range 242–800). Of the patients, 92.3% successfully received endoscopic nipple-sparing mastectomy and 7.7% underwent intraoperative conversion to skin-sparing mastectomy after carcinoma was reported on frozen section of the nipple base. Mean operative time for ETM was 139 minutes (92–198), and the average ischemic time was 37.3 minutes (range 22–50). Fifty percent of patients underwent deep inferior epigastric perforator, 33.4% underwent MS-2 transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM), 8.3% underwent MS-1 TRAM, and 8.3% underwent pedicled TRAM flap reconstruction. No cases required re-exploration, no flap failure occurred, margins were clear, and no skin or nippleareolar complex ischemia/necrosis developed. In the aesthetic outcome evaluation, 16.7% were excellent, 75% good, 8.3% fair, and none were unsatisfactory. No recurrences were observed.
Conclusion
ETM through a minimal-access inferior mammary or mid-axillary line approach, followed by immediate pedicled TRAM or free abdominal-based perforator flap reconstruction, can be a safe means of achieving an “aesthetically scarless” mastectomy and reconstruction through minimal incisions.

Keyword

Breast Neoplasms; Free Tissue Flap; Mastectomy; Subcutaneous; Perforator Flap