Lab Med Online.  2021 Apr;11(2):101-105. 10.47429/lmo.2021.11.2.101.

Association Between Elevated Serum Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Levels and Clinicopathological Features in B-cell Lymphoma Patients

• Choi HW
• So HJ
• Kim H
• Oh Ac
• Lee JK
• Hong YJ
• Hong SI
• Chang YH

• KMID: 2525791
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.47429/lmo.2021.11.2.101

Abstract

Background
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) regulates the proliferation and supports the viability of monocytes, macrophages, and their bone marrow progenitors. M-CSF is found in high concentrations in the serum of patients with various malignancies. This study aimed to evaluate the association between serum levels of M-CSF and features in a B-cell lymphoma patient group.
Methods
Data of 101 patients with B-cell lymphoma and 48 healthy control subjects were evaluated. Staging for B-cell lymphoma was performed according to the Lugano criteria. Serum M-CSF concentrations were measured using the Quantikine ELISA Human M-CSF Immunoassay (R&D Systems, Inc., USA). We established a 95th percentile reference interval in healthy controls and reviewed the clinicopathological characteristics.
Results
The 95th percentile of the serum M-CSF in healthy controls was 48.8–173.0 pg/mL. The mean serum M-CSF level in the patient group was significantly higher than that in the healthy control group (293.3 ± 270.9 pg/mL vs. 97.3 ± 34.6 pg/mL, P < 0.001). The mean M-CSF level was significantly higher in patients aged > 60 years (P = 0.027), and those with diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (P = 0.046), advanced stages (P < 0.001), abnormal free light chain ratios (P = 0.036), high-risk international prognostic index scores (P < 0.001), and lactate dehydrogenase above the reference range (P = 0.002).
Conclusions
Our findings suggest that elevated serum M-CSF levels have an association with adverse clinicopathological features in B-cell lymphoma patients and may be a potential prognostic predictor.

Keyword

Macrophage colony-stimulating factor; B-cell lymphoma; Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Reference

1. Stanley ER, Berg KL, Einstein DB, Lee PS, Pixley FJ, Wang Y, et al. 1997; Biology and action of colony-stimulating factor-1. Mol Reprod Dev. 46:4–10. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2795(199701)46:1<4::AID-MRD2>3.0.CO;2-V. PMID: 8981357.

2. Fixe P, Praloran V. 1997; Macrophage colony-stimulating-factor (M-CSF or CSF-1) and its receptor: structure-function relationships. Eur Cytokine Netw. 8:125–36. PMID: 9262961.

3. Moore MAS. Garland JM, Quesenberry PJ, editors. 1997. Macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Colony-stimulating factors: molecular and cellular biology. 2nd ed. CRC Press;New York:

4. Sherr CJ, Stanley ER. Spron MB, Robers AB, editors. 1991. Colony-stimulating factor 1 (macrophage colony-stimulating-factor). Peptide growth factors and their receptors I. Springer-Verlag New York;New York: DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4612-3210-0_15.

5. Ide H, Hatake K, Terado Y, Tsukino H, Okegawa T, Nutahara K, et al. 2008; Serum level of macrophage colony-stimulating factor is increased in prostate cancer patients with bone metastasis. Hum Cell. 21:1–6. DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-0774.2007.00042.x. PMID: 18190394.

6. Janowska-Wieczorek A, Belch AR, Jacobs A, Bowen D, Padua RA, Paietta E, et al. 1991; Increased circulating colony-stimulating factor-1 in patients with preleukemia, leukemia, and lymphoid malignancies. Blood. 77:1796–803. DOI: 10.1182/blood.V77.8.1796.1796. PMID: 2015402.

7. Nakayama-Ichiyama S, Yokote T, Oka S, Takubo T, Tsuji M, Hanafusa T, et al. 2010; Macrophage colony-stimulating factor produced by diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Br J Haematol. 149:310. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.08050.x. PMID: 20085576.

8. Nishiwaki U, Nakayama S, Yokote T, Hiraoka N, Tsuji M. 2017; Classical Hodgkin lymphoma producing macrophage colony-stimulating factor with resultant monocytosis. Br J Haematol. 176:343. DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14416. PMID: 27766630.

9. Suzuki M, Ohwada M, Sato I, Nagatomo M. 1995; Serum level of macrophage colony-stimulating factor as a marker for gynecologic malignancies. Oncology. 52:128–33. DOI: 10.1159/000227443. PMID: 7854772.

10. Kowalska M, Tajer J, Chechlinska M, Fuksiewicz M, Kotowicz B, Kaminska J, et al. 2012; Serum macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) in patients with Hodgkin lymphoma. Med Oncol. 29:2143–7. DOI: 10.1007/s12032-011-0010-1. PMID: 21717212.

11. Mroczko B, Groblewska M, Wereszczyńska-Siemiątkowska U, Okulczyk B, Kędra B, Łaszewicz W, et al. 2007; Serum macrophage-colony stimulating factor levels in colorectal cancer patients correlate with lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis. Clin Chim Acta. 380:208–12. DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2007.02.037. PMID: 17368603.

12. Suzuki M, Tamura N, Kobayashi H, Ohwada M, Terao T, Sato I. 2000; Clinical significance of combined use of macrophage colony-stimulating factor and squamous cell carcinoma antigen as a selective diagnostic marker for squamous cell carcinoma arising in mature cystic teratoma of the ovary. Gynecol Oncol. 77:405–9. DOI: 10.1006/gyno.2000.5784. PMID: 10831350.

13. Kaminska J, Kowalska M, Kotowicz B, Fuksiewicz M, Glogowski M, Wojcik E, et al. 2006; Pretreatment serum levels of cytokines and cytokine receptors in patients with non-small cell lung cancer, and correlations with clinicopathological features and prognosis. M-CSF - an independent prognostic factor. Oncology. 70:115–25. DOI: 10.1159/000093002. PMID: 16645324.

14. Suzuki M, Kobayashi H, Ohwada M, Terao T, Sato I. 1998; Macrophage colony-stimulating factor as a marker for malignant germ cell tumors of the ovary. Gynecol Oncol. 68:35–7. DOI: 10.1006/gyno.1997.4897. PMID: 9454657.

15. Furtado M, Shah N, Levoguer A, Harding S, Rule S. 2013; Abnormal serum free light chain ratio predicts poor overall survival in mantle cell lymphoma. Br J Haematol. 160:63–9. DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12094. PMID: 23094783.

16. Moghimi M, Kashkooli Behroozi M, Maghbooli M, Jafari S, Mazloomzadeh S, Pezeshgi A. 2016; Association between abnormal serum free light chains ratio and known prognostic factors in lymphoma; a nephrology viewpoint. J Renal Inj Prev. 6:148–52. DOI: 10.15171/jrip.2017.29. PMID: 28497093. PMCID: PMC5423284.

17. Maurer MJ, Micallef IN, Cerhan JR, Katzmann JA, Link BK, Colgan JP, et al. 2011; Elevated serum free light chains are associated with event-free and overall survival in two independent cohorts of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 29:1620–6. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2010.29.4413. PMID: 21383282. PMCID: PMC3082979.