1. WHO. WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard 2020 [cited 2022 23 June]. Globally, as of 3:50pm CEST, 22 June 2020, there have been 8,860,331 confirmed cases of COVID-19, including 465,740 deaths, reported to WHO.]. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/1.
3. Kanagalingam J, Feliciano R, Hah JH, Labib H, Le TA, Lin JC. Practical use of povidone-iodine antiseptic in the maintenance of oral health and in the prevention and treatment of common oropharyngeal infections.
Int J Clin Pract 2015;69:1247-56.DOI:
10.1111/ijcp.12707. PMID:
26249761. PMCID:
PMC6767541.
4. Bigliardi PL, Alsagoff SAL, El-Kafrawi HY, Pyon JK, Wa CTC, Villa MA. Povidone iodine in wound healing: A review of current concepts and practices.
Int J Surg 2017;44:260-8.DOI:
10.1016/j.ijsu.2017.06.073. PMID:
28648795.
5. Eugene S. Barabas HGB. Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances and Excipients. In: Brittain HG, editor. Povidone - Iodine. 251998. p. 341-462.DOI:
10.1016/S0099-5428(08)60759-5.
6. Beukelman CJ, van den Berg AJJ, Hoekstra MJ, Uhl R, Reimer K, Mueller S. Anti-inflammatory properties of a liposomal hydrogel with povidone-iodine (Repithel) for wound healing in vitro.
Burns 2008;34:845-55.DOI:
10.1016/j.burns.2007.11.014. PMID:
18378399.
7. Hierholzer G, Reimer K, Weissenbacher E. Topische Infektionstherapie und Prophylaxe. Aktueller Stellenwert von PVP-Jod. Stuttgart: Thieme; 1996.
8. Wood A, Payne D. The action of three antiseptics/disinfectants against enveloped and non-enveloped viruses.
J Hosp Infect 1998;38:283-95.DOI:
10.1016/S0195-6701(98)90077-9.
9. Kawana R, Kitamura T, Nakagomi O, Matsumoto I, Arita M, Yoshihara N, et al. Inactivation of human viruses by povidone-iodine in comparison with other antiseptics.
Dermatology 1997;195:29-35.DOI:
10.1159/000246027. PMID:
9403252.
10. Wutzler P, Sauerbrei A, Klöcking R, Brögmann B, Reimer K. Virucidal activity and cytotoxicity of the liposomal formulation of povidone-iodine.
Antiviral Res 2002;54:89-97.DOI:
10.1016/S0166-3542(01)00213-3.
11. Sauerbrei A, Sehr K, Eichhorn U, Reimer K, Wutzler P. Inactivation of human adenovirus genome by different groups of disinfectants.
J Hosp Infect 2004;57:67-72.DOI:
10.1016/j.jhin.2004.01.029. PMID:
15142718.
12. Kariwa H, Fujii N, Takashima I. Inactivation of SARS coronavirus by means of povidone-iodine, physical conditions, and chemical reagents. Jpn J Vet Res 2004;52:105-12.
13. Ito H, Ito T, Hikida M, Yashiro J, Otsuka A, Kida H, et al. Outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza in Japan and anti-influenza virus activity of povidone-iodine products.
Dermatology 2006;212:115-8.DOI:
10.1159/000089210. PMID:
16490988.
14. Ito H, Hikida M, Yashiro J, Kida H, Ito T. Virucidal efficacy of povidone-iodine products against swine influenza viruses. Jpn J Chemother 2009;57:508-10.
16. Eggers M, Eickmann M, Zorm J. Rapid and Effective Virucidal Activity of Povidone-Iodine Products Against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara (MVA).
Infect Dis Ther 2015;4:491-501.DOI:
10.1007/s40121-015-0091-9. PMID:
26416214. PMCID:
PMC4675768.
17. Kariwa H, Fujii N, Takashima I. Inactivation of SARS coronavirus by means of povidone-iodine, physical conditions and chemical reagents.
Dermatology 2006;212:119-23.DOI:
10.1159/000089211. PMID:
16490989. PMCID:
PMC7179540.
18. Anderson DE, Sivalingam V, Kang AEZ, Ananthanarayanan A, Arumugam H, Jenkins TM, et al. Povidone-iodine demonstrates rapid in-vitro virucidal activity against SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19 disease.
Infect Dis Ther 2020;9:669-75.DOI:
10.1007/s40121-020-00316-3. PMID:
32643111. PMCID:
PMC7341475.
19. Hassandarvish P, Tiong V, Sazaly AB, Mohamed NA, Arumugam H, Ananthanarayanan A, et al. Povidone iodine gargle and mouthwash.
Br Dent J 2020;228:900.DOI:
10.1038/s41415-020-1794-1. PMID:
32591671. PMCID:
PMC7319196.
20. Eggers M, Koburger-Janssen T, Eickmann M, Zorn J. In vitro bactericidal and virucidal efficacy of Povidone-Iodine gargle/mouthwash against respiratory and oral tract pathogens.
Infect Dis Ther 2018;7:249-59.DOI:
10.1007/s40121-018-0200-7. PMID:
29633177. PMCID:
PMC5986684.
21. Eggers M, Eickmann M, Kowalski K, Zorn J, Reimer K. Povidone-iodine hand wash and hand rub products demonstrated excellent in vitro virucidal efficacy against Ebola virus and modified vaccinia virus Ankara, the new European test virus for enveloped viruses.
BMC infect Dis 2015;15:375.DOI:
10.1186/s12879-015-1111-9. PMID:
26381737. PMCID:
PMC4574578.
22. Eggers M, Eickmann M, Zorn J. Rapid and effective virucidal activity of povidone-iodine products against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and modified vaccinia virus ankara (MVA).
Infect Dis Ther 2015;4:491-501.DOI:
10.1007/s40121-015-0091-9. PMID:
26416214. PMCID:
PMC4675768.
23. Vukkadala N, Qian ZJ, Holsinger FC, Patel ZM, Rosenthal E. COVID‐19 and the otolaryngologist: preliminary evidence‐based review. Laryngoscope 2020.DOI:
10.1002/lary.28672. PMID:
32219846.
24. Gralton J, Tovey ER, McLaws ML, Rawlinson WD. Respiratory virus RNA is detectable in airborne and droplet particles.
J Med Virol 2013;85:2151-9.DOI:
10.1002/jmv.23698. PMID:
23959825.
25. Organization WH. Consensus document on the epidemiology of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). World Health Organization, 2003.
26. Kirk-Bayley J, Challacombe S, Sunkaraneni VS, Combes J. The Use of Povidone Iodine Nasal Spray and Mouthwash During the Current COVID-19 Pandemic May Protect Healthcare Workers and Reduce Cross Infection. 2020:SSRN Electronic J 3563092.DOI:
10.2139/ssrn.3563092.
27. Mady LJ, Kubik MW, Baddour K, Snyderman CH, Rowan NR. Consideration of povidone-iodine as a public health intervention for COVID-19: Utilization as "Personal Protective Equipment" for frontline providers exposed in high-risk head and neck and skull base oncology care.
Oral Oncol 2020;105:104724.DOI:
10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.104724. PMID:
32317139. PMCID:
PMC7161480.
28. The committee for The Japanese Respiratory Society guidelines in management of respiratory infections. Prevention of hospital‐acquired pneumonia (strategies for prevention of hospital‐acquired infections).
Respirology 2004;9:S48-S50.DOI:
10.1111/j.1440-1843.2003.00552.x. PMID:
14989733.
29. Ather A, Patel B, Ruparel NB, Diogenes A, Hargreaves KM. Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19): implications for clinical dental care.
J Endod 2020;46:584-95.DOI:
10.1016/j.joen.2020.03.008. PMID:
32273156. PMCID:
PMC7270628.
31. Parhar HS, Tasche K, Brody RM, Weinstein GS, O'Malley Jr BW, Shanti RM, et al. Topical preparations to reduce SARS‐CoV‐2 aerosolization in head and neck mucosal surgery.
Head Neck 2020;42:1268-72.DOI:
10.1002/hed.26200. PMID:
32333619. PMCID:
PMC7267296.
32. Pattanshetty S, Narayana A, Radhakrishnan R. Povidone‐iodine gargle as a prophylactic intervention to interrupt the transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2.
Oral Dis 2020;10.1111.DOI:
10.1111/odi.13378. PMID:
32352615. PMCID:
PMC7267645.
33. Bidra AS, Pelletier JS, Westover JB, Frank S, Brown SM, Tessema B. Rapid In‐Vitro Inactivation of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) Using Povidone‐Iodine Oral Antiseptic Rinse.
J Prosthodont 2020;29:529-33.DOI:
10.1111/jopr.13209. PMID:
32511851. PMCID:
PMC7300649.
34. Darling AJ, Boose JA, Spaltro J. Virus assay methods: accuracy and validation.
Biologicals 1998;26:105-10.DOI:
10.1006/biol.1998.0134. PMID:
9811514.
35. LaBarre DD, Lowy RJ. Improvements in methods for calculating virus titer estimates from TCID50 and plaque assays.
J Virol Methods 2001;96:107-26.DOI:
10.1016/S0166-0934(01)00316-0.