Korean J Orthod.  2020 Sep;50(5):293-303. 10.4041/kjod.2020.50.5.293.

Three-dimensional surgical accuracy between virtually planned and actual surgical movements of the maxilla in two-jaw orthognathic surgery

Affiliations
  • 1Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
  • 2Private Practice, Seoul, Korea
  • 3Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

Abstract


Objective
To investigate the three-dimensional (3D) surgical accuracy between virtually planned and actual surgical movements (SM) of the maxilla in twojaw orthognathic surgery.
Methods
The sample consisted of 15 skeletal Class III patients who underwent two-jaw orthognathic surgery performed by a single surgeon using a virtual surgical simulation (VSS) software. The 3D cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were obtained before (T0) and after surgery (T1). After merging the dental cast image onto the T0 CBCT image, VSS was performed. SM were classified into midline correction (anterior and posterior), advancement, setback, anterior elongation, and impaction (total and posterior). The landmarks were the midpoint between the central incisors, the mesiobuccal cusp tip (MBCT) of both first molars, and the midpoint of the two MBCTs. The amount and direction of SM by VSS and actual surgery were measured using 3D coordinates of the landmarks. Discrepancies less than 1 mm between VSS and T1 landmarks indicated a precise outcome. The surgical achievement percentage (SAP, [amount of movement in actual surgery/ amount of movement in VSS] × 100) (%) and precision percentage (PP, [number of patients with precise outcome/number of total patients] × 100) (%) were compared among SM types using Fisher’s exact and Kruskal–Wallis tests.
Results
Overall mean discrepancy between VSS and actual surgery, SAP, and PP were 0.13 mm, 89.9%, and 68.3%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the SAP and PP values among the seven SM types (all p > 0.05).
Conclusions
VSS could be considered as an effective tool for increasing surgical accuracy.

Keyword

Three-dimensional analysis; Virtual orthognathic surgery; Surgical movements of the maxilla; Two-jaw orthognathic surgery

Figure

  • Figure 1 The process of merging between the scanned dentition and the three-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography (3D-CBCT) image and landmark digitization. A, Merging of the scanned dentition with 3D-CBCT image using three sectional views of the sagittal, frontal, and axial planes. B, Result of fine-tuned merging between dentition and 3D-CBCT images. C, Landmark digitization to identify the midpoint between the maxillary central incisors at the occlusal level (U1MP) and the mesiobuccal cusp tips (MBCTs) of the maxillary right and left first molar crowns using the three sectional views of the sagittal, frontal, and axial planes. The mean coordinate value from the two digitized MBCTs was automatically calculated by the ON3D software (3D ONS Inc., Seoul, Korea).

  • Figure 2 Virtual surgery modules of the ON3D software (3D ONS Inc., Seoul, Korea).

  • Figure 3 The step-by-step procedure of virtual surgical simulation. Step 1, Correction of the anterior midline of the maxilla. Step 2, Correction of the posterior midline of the maxilla. Step 3, Correction of the vertical asymmetry (canting) of the maxilla. Step 4, Correction of the vertical discrepancy of the maxilla. Step 5, Correction of the maxillary occlusal plane in the sagittal plane. Step 6, Correction of the sagittal discrepancy of the maxilla. Step 7, Correction of the mandible.

  • Figure 4 An example of surgical plan and coordinate values of the selected landmarks at the pre- and post-virtual surgery (VS). Mx, maxilla; Mn, mandible; Lt, left; Rt, right; BSSRO, bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy; U1MP, the midpoint between the maxillary central incisors at the occlusal level; U6MP, the midpoint between the two mesiobuccal cusp tips of the maxillary right and left first molar crowns; UR6, the mesiobuccal cusp tip of the maxillary right first molar crown; UL6, the mesiobuccal cusp tip of the maxillary left first molar crown; U6CP, the mesiobuccal cusp tip of the maxillary first molar crown; L1MP, the midpoint between the mandibular central incisors at the occlusal level; L6CP, the mesiobuccal cusp tip of the mandibular first molar crown; L6MP, the midpoint between the two mesiobuccal cusp tips of the mandibular right and left first molar crowns; A, A point; B, B point; Pog, pogonion; Go, gonion.


Cited by  1 articles

Characterization of facial asymmetry phenotypes in adult patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion using three-dimensional computed tomography and cluster analysis
Sang-Woon Ha, Su-Jung Kim, Jin-Young Choi, Seung-Hak Baek
Korean J Orthod. 2022;52(2):85-101.    doi: 10.4041/kjod.2022.52.2.85.


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