J Menopausal Med.  2017 Dec;23(3):172-181. 10.6118/jmm.2017.23.3.172.

Depression and Quality of Life among Postmenopausal Women in Bangladesh: A Cross-sectional Study

• Bashar MI
• Ahmed K
• Uddin MS
• Ahmed F
• Emran AA
• Chakraborty A

• KMID: 2400253
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.6118/jmm.2017.23.3.172

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
The aims of the research are to examine the problems of abnormal menopausal women: the relationship between depression and menopausal-specific quality of life (MENQOL)-symptoms among postmenopausal women; the association of MENQOL-symptoms between pre- and postmenopausal female society in Bangladeshi real community.
METHODS
This cross sectional study was conducted on 435 women of Tangail, aged (≥ 17) years, using a structured questionnaire where is inaacluded the information of MENQOL and one of the main outcomes "depression" is measured by beck depression inventory.
RESULTS
Menopausal status and MENQOL symptoms (except pain) are significantly (P < 0.05) associated. By using post-hoc analysis, the proportion of menopausal women, classified as having a depressive mood of early menopause is significantly higher than natural-menopause. Among postmenopausal women, there is a significant correlation between "concentration problem" and "depression". Here mean depression score (29.40 ± 6.42) of menopausal women who have any difficulty in concentrating is higher than mean depression score (20.89 ± 6.64) of menopausal women who have no difficulty in concentrating. Another six factors (osteoporosis, heart-beating, fatigue, pressure, tingling, headaches) of MENQOL-symptoms were significantly correlated with depression and P-values are 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.033, 0.006, and 0.002, respectively. Finally the presence of "difficulty in concentrating" and "fatigue" are strongly associated factors with depression score (P < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
The early postmenopausal women have to face more psychological problems (e.g., depression) compare to others. Among postmenopausal women, there is no significant relation between depression and vasomotor symptom (e.g., hot-flashes) perspective to menopausal female society of Bangladesh.

Keyword

Bangladesh; Depression; Menopause; Quality of life

MeSH Terms

Bangladesh*
Cross-Sectional Studies*
Depression*
Fatigue
Female
Humans
Menopause
Quality of Life*

Reference

1. Cheng MH, Lee SJ, Wang SJ, Wang PH, Fuh JL. Does menopausal transition affect the quality of life? A longitudinal study of middle-aged women in Kinmen. Menopause. 2007; 14:885–890.

2. Fuh JL, Wang SJ, Lee SJ, Lu SR, Juang KD. Quality of life and menopausal transition for middle-aged women on Kinmen island. Qual Life Res. 2003; 12:53–61.

3. Sharma S, Tandon VR, Mahajan A. Menopausal symptoms in urban women. JK Sci. 2007; 9:13–17.

4. Tang GW. The climacteric of Chinese factory workers. Maturitas. 1994; 19:177–182.

5. Boulet MJ, Oddens BJ, Lehert P, Vemer HM, Visser A. Climacteric and menopause in seven South-east Asian countries. Maturitas. 1994; 19:157–176.

6. Dennerstein L. Well-being, symptoms and the menopausal transition. Maturitas. 1996; 23:147–157.

7. Ayranci U, Orsal O, Orsal O, Arslan G, Emeksiz DF. Menopause status and attitudes in a Turkish midlife female population: an epidemiological study. BMC Womens Health. 2010; 10:1.

8. Brown DE, Sievert LL, Morrison LA, Reza AM, Mills PS. Do Japanese American women really have fewer hot flashes than European Americans? The Hilo Women's Health Study. Menopause. 2009; 16:870–876.

9. World Health Organization. Research on the menopause in the 1990s: Report of a WHO scientific group. Geneva, CH: World Health Organization;1994.

10. Ahmed K, Jahan P, Nadia I, Ahmed F, Abdullah Al E. Assessment of menopausal symptoms among early and late menopausal midlife Bangladeshi women and their impact on the quality of life. J Menopausal Med. 2016; 22:39–46.

11. Kwak EK, Park HS, Kang NM. Menopause knowledge, attitude, symptom and management among midlife employed women. J Menopausal Med. 2014; 20:118–125.

12. Kim HK, Kang SY, Chung YJ, Kim JH, Kim MR. The recent review of the genitourinary syndrome of menopause. J Menopausal Med. 2015; 21:65–71.

13. Ihezue UH, Kumaraswamy N. Prevalence of depressive symptoms among patients attending a general outpatient clinic. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1986; 73:395–398.

14. Matthews KA, Wing RR, Kuller LH, Meilahn EN, Kelsey SF, Costello EJ, et al. Influences of natural menopause on psychological characteristics and symptoms of middle-aged healthy women. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1990; 58:345–351.

15. Mitchell ES, Woods NF. Symptom experiences of midlife women: observations from the Seattle Midlife Women's Health Study. Maturitas. 1996; 25:1–10.

16. Soares CN. Depression and menopause: Current knowledge and clinical recommendations for a critical window. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2017; 40:239–254.

17. Bromberger JT, Kravitz HM, Chang YF, Cyranowski JM, Brown C, Matthews KA. Major depression during and after the menopausal transition: Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN). Psychol Med. 2011; 41:1879–1888.

18. Bromberger JT, Schott L, Kravitz HM, Joffe H. Risk factors for major depression during midlife among a community sample of women with and without prior major depression: are they the same or different? Psychol Med. 2015; 45:1653–1664.

19. Juang KD, Wang SJ, Lu SR, Lee SJ, Fuh JL. Hot flashes are associated with psychological symptoms of anxiety and depression in peri- and post- but not premenopausal women. Maturitas. 2005; 52:119–126.

20. Rahman SA, Zainudin SR, Mun VL. Assessment of menopausal symptoms using modified Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) among middle age women in Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia. Asia Pac Fam Med. 2010; 9:5.

21. Jesmin S, Islam AM, Akter S, Islam MM, Sultana SN, Yamaguchi N, et al. Metabolic syndrome among pre- and post-menopausal rural women in Bangladesh: result from a population-based study. BMC Res Notes. 2013; 6:157.

22. Panay N. Menopause and the postmenopausal women. In : Edmonds DK, editor. Dewhurst's textbook of obstetrics and gynaecology. 7th ed. London, UK: Blackwell Publishing;2007. p. 479–494.

23. Nisar N, Sohoo NA. Frequency of menopausal symptoms and their impact on the quality of life of women: a hospital based survey. J Pak Med Assoc. 2009; 59:752–756.

24. Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown GK. Beck depression inventory-II. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation;1996.

25. Peeyananjarassri K, Cheewadhanaraks S, Hubbard M, Zoa Manga R, Manocha R, Eden J. Menopausal symptoms in a hospital-based sample of women in southern Thailand. Climacteric. 2006; 9:23–29.

26. Dodin S, Lemay A, Jacques H, Légaré F, Forest JC, Mâsse B. The effects of flaxseed dietary supplement on lipid profile, bone mineral density, and symptoms in menopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, wheat germ placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005; 90:1390–1397.

27. Limpaphayom KK, Darmasetiawan MS, Hussain RI, Burriss SW, Holinka CF, Ausmanas MK. Differential prevalence of quality-of-life categories (domains) in Asian women and changes after therapy with three doses of conjugated estrogens/medroxyprogesterone acetate: the Pan-Asia Menopause (PAM) study. Climacteric. 2006; 9:204–214.

28. Ahmed K, Emran AA, Jesmin T, Mukti RF, Rahman MZ, Ahmed F. Early detection of lung cancer risk using data mining. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2013; 14:595–598.

29. Ahmed K, Jesmin T, Rahman MZ. Early prevention and detection of skin cancer risk using data mining. Int J Comput Appl. 2013; DOI: 10.5120/10065-4662.

30. Asaduzzaman S, Chakraborty S, Hossain MG, Bashar MI, Bhuiyan T, Paul BK, et al. Hazardous consequences of polygamy, contraceptives and number of childs on cervical cancer in a low incoming country: Bangladesh. Cumhuriyet Univ Fac Sci. 2016; 37:74–84.

31. Ahmed K, Asaduzzaman S, Bashar MI, Hossain G, Bhuiyan T. Association assessment among risk factors and breast cancer in a low income country: Bangladesh. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2015; 16:7507–7512.

32. Rahman S, Salehin F, Iqbal A. Menopausal symptoms assessment among middle age women in Kushtia, Bangladesh. BMC Res Notes. 2011; 4:188.

33. Tanira S, Wazed F, Sutlana A, Amin R, Sutlana K, Ahmad S. Knowledge, attitude and experience of menopause an urban based study in Bangladesh. J Dhaka Med Coll. 2009; 18:33–36.

34. Lawlor DA, Ebrahim S, Smith GD. The association of socioeconomic position across the life course and age at menopause: the British Women's Heart and Health Study. BJOG. 2003; 110:1078–1087.

35. Freeman EW, Sammel MD, Lin H, Nelson DB. Associations of hormones and menopausal status with depressed mood in women with no history of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006; 63:375–382.

36. Islam RM, Bell RJ, Billah B, Hossain MB, Davis SR. Prevalence and severity of vasomotor symptoms and joint pain in women at midlife in Bangladesh: a population-based survey. Menopause. 2016; 23:731–739.

37. Gold DT, Solimeo S. Osteoporosis and depression: a historical perspective. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2006; 4:134–139.

38. Janardhan V, Bakshi R. Quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis: the impact of fatigue and depression. J Neurol Sci. 2002; 205:51–58.

39. Roscoe JA, Morrow GR, Hickok JT, Mustian KM, Griggs JJ, Matteson SE, et al. Effect of paroxetine hydrochloride (Paxil) on fatigue and depression in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2005; 89:243–249.

40. Arnau RC, Meagher MW, Norris MP, Bramson R. Psychometric evaluation of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with primary care medical patients. Health Psychol. 2001; 20:112–119.

41. Glaus A, Boehme C, Thurlimann B, Ruhstaller T, Hsu Schmitz SF, Morant R, et al. Fatigue and menopausal symptoms in women with breast cancer undergoing hormonal cancer treatment. Ann Oncol. 2006; 17:801–806.

42. Chedraui P, Hidalgo L, Chavez D, Morocho N, Alvarado M, Huc A. Quality of life among postmenopausal Ecuadorian women participating in a metabolic syndrome screening program. Maturitas. 2007; 56:45–53.

43. Genazzani AR, Nicolucci A, Campagnoli C, Crosignani P, Nappi C, Serra GB, et al. Assessment of the QoL in Italian menopausal women: comparison between HRT users and non-users. Maturitas. 2002; 42:267–280.

44. Blumel JE, Castelo-Branco C, Binfa L, Gramegna G, Tacla X, Aracena B, et al. Quality of life after the menopause: a population study. Maturitas. 2000; 34:17–23.

45. Shobeiri F, Jenabi E, Hazavehei SM, Roshanaei G. Quality of life in postmenopausal women in Iran: A populationbased study. J Menopausal Med. 2016; 22:31–38.