J Korean Acad Prosthodont.  2011 Apr;49(2):138-144. 10.4047/jkap.2011.49.2.138.

Cleansing effect of the alkaline ionized water on microorganisms of the denture surface

• Kim YM
• Choi YS
• Cho IH

• KMID: 2196120
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4047/jkap.2011.49.2.138

Abstract

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cleansing effect of recently developed alkaline ionized water, e-WASH, on microorganisms of the denture surface.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Removable partial and complete dentures were randomly assigned to the experimental group of 41 dentures, and the control group of 26. The denture was immersed in the e-WASH solution (experimental group), or tap water (control group) for 5 minutes. The plaque was collected from the denture surface before and after immersion, and smeared on the slide glass. Amount and motility of microorganisms were compared according to the morphology and strain of microorganisms, using the phase contrast microscope. Statistical analysis was accomplished with paired t-test and independent t-test at 95% confidence level (P<.05).
RESULTS
1. The amount of cocci, bacilli, filamentous, spiral/comma, and the motility of bacilli, filamentous, and spiral/comma were decreased after denture cleansing with the alkaline ionized water, e-WASH (P<.05). But in the control group, only the amount of cocci showed a significant difference (P<.05), but no difference from the others. There were no differences in other analysis. 2. In the experimental group, the amount of cocci, bacilli, filamentous, spiral/comma, and the motility of bacilli, filamentous, and spiral/comma were smaller and more inactive compared to the control group (P<.05).
CONCLUSION
These results indicated that the alkaline ionized water, e-WASH could effectively reduce the amount and motility of the experimented microorganisms on the denture surface, and that e-WASH could be recommended as an effective denture cleanser.

Keyword

Denture cleanser; Dental plaque; Microorganisms; Phase contrast microscope

MeSH Terms

Dental Plaque
Denture Cleansers
Denture, Complete
Dentures
Glass
Immersion
Sprains and Strains
Water
Denture Cleansers
Water

Figure

• 

  Fig. 1. Phase contrast microscopic images of experimental group upper denture (×400). A: before cleansing, B: after cleansing.

• 

  Fig. 2. Phase contrast microscopic images of experimental group lower denture (×400). A: before cleansing, B: after cleansing.

• 

  Fig. 3. Phase contrast microscopic images of control group upper denture (×400). A: before cleansing, B: after cleansing.

• 

  Fig. 4. Phase contrast microscopic images of control group lower denture (×400). A: before cleansing, B: after cleansing.

Reference

1.Budtz-Jorgensen E., Bertram U. Denture stomatitis. I. The etiology in relation to trauma and infection. Acta Odontol Scand. 1970. 28:71–92.

2.Budtz-Jorgensen E., Bertram U. Denture stomatitis. II. The effect of antifungal and prosthetic treatment. Acta Odontol Scand. 1970. 28:283–304.

3.Nikawa H., Hamada T., Yamashiro H., Kumagai H. A review of in vitro and in vivo methods to evaluate the efficacy of denture cleansers. Int J Prosthodont. 1999. 12:153–9.

4.Polyzois GL. Denture cleansing habits. A survey. Aust Dent J. 1983. 28:171–3.

5.Kim MJ., Shin SW., Lee JY. In vitro study on the adherence and penetration of candida albicans into denture soft lining materials. J Korean Acad Prosthodont. 2006. 44:466–76.

6.Dills SS., Olshan AM., Goldner S., Brogdon C. Comparison of the antimicrobial capability of an abrasive paste and chemical-soak denture cleaners. J Prosthet Dent. 1988. 60:467–70.

7.Budtz-Jo¨rgensen E., Kelstrup J. Enzymes as denture cleansers. Scand J Dent Res. 1977. 85:209–15.

8.Ryoo KK., Kang BD., Sumita O. Electrolyzed water as an alternative for environmentally benign semiconductor cleaning. J Mater Res. 2002. 17:1293–304.

9.Chang YS., Jung MA., Shin SC. Evaluation of motility and distribution of oral microflora in Koreans using the phase contrast microscope. Int J Clin Prevent Dent. 2008. 4:28–39.

10.Lee WH., Bok HJ., Kim HJ., Ahn SH. Correlation coefficient between the age and the amount/motile of the oral microorganisms examined by phase contrast microscope. Int J Clin Prev Dent. 2009. 5:7–13.

11.Lee YJ. Oral microorganism in saliva according to ages, observed through phase contrast microscope. Int J Clin Prev Dent. 2009. 5:23–30.

12.Ku HM., Lee JH., Woo SH., Cho JW. Amounts of gingival crevicular fluid according to age and the relations with oral microorganism. Int J Clin Prev Dent. 2009. 5:93–101.

13.Ma¨kila¨ E., Hopsu-Havu VK. Mycotic growth and soft denture lining materials. Acta Odontol Scand. 1977. 35:197–205.

14.Gusberti FA., Gada TG., Lang NP., Geering AH. Cultivable microflora of plaque from full denture bases and adjacent palatal mucosa. J Biol Buccale. 1985. 13:227–36.

15.Paranhos HF., Silva-Lovato CH., de Souza RF., Cruz PC., de Freitas-Pontes KM., Watanabe E., Ito IY. Effect of three methods for cleaning dentures on biofilms formed in vitro on acrylic resin. J Prosthodont. 2009. 18:427–31.

16.de Freitas Fernandes FS., Pereira-Cenci T., da Silva WJ., Filho AP., Straioto FG., Del Bel Cury AA. Efficacy of denture cleansers on Candida spp. Biofilm formed on polyamide and polymethyl methacrylate resins. J Prosthet Dent. 2011. 105:51–8.

17.Glass RT., Bullard JW., Conrad RS., Blewett EL. Evaluation of the sanitization effectiveness of a denture-cleaning product on dentures contaminated with known microbial flora. An in vitro study. Quintessence Int. 2004. 35:194–9.

18.Chun SS., Chung CH., Lee ZH. Determination of antifungal abil-ity of denture cleansing agents to Candida albicans. J Korean Acad Prosthodont. 1993. 31:28–38.

19.Davenport JC., Wilson HJ., Spence D. The compatibility of soft lining materials and denture cleansers. Br Dent J. 1986. 161:13–7.

20.Harrison A., Basker RM., Smith IS. The compatibility of temporary soft materials with immersion denture cleansers. Int J Prosthodont. 1989. 2:254–8.

21.Kim KS., Jeong HY., Kim YL., Cho HW. The effect of denture cleansers on the bond strength and the surface hardness of reline resin to denture base resin. J Korean Acad Prosthodont. 2003. 41:493–502.

22.Jang BS., Kim CW., Kim YS. The effect of denture cleansers on soft lining materials. J Korean Acad Prosthodont. 1993. 31:219–35.

23.Budtz-J � rgensen E. Materials and methods for cleaning dentures. J Prosthet Dent. 1979. 42:619–23.

24.Klinger SM., Lord JL. Effect of common agents on intermediary temporary soft reline materials. J Prosthet Dent. 1973. 30:749–55.

25.Abadias M., Usall J., Oliveira M., Alegre I., Viñas I. Efficacy of neutral electrolyzed water (NEW) for reducing microbial contamination on minimally-processed vegetables. Int J Food Microbiol. 2008. 123:151–8.

26.Sharma RR., Demirci A. Treatment of Escherichia coli O157: H7 inoculated alfalfa seeds and sprouts with electrolyzed oxidizing water. Int J Food Microbiol. 2003. 86:231–7.

27.Kim JJ., Lee MY. Bactericidal effects of anodic electrolyzed water on the selected gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. J Environ Sci. 2007. 16:1295–300.

28.Jeong JW., Kim JH., Kim BS., Jeong SW. Characteristics of electrolyzed water manufactured from various electrolytic diaphragm and electrolyte. Korean J Food Preserv. 2003. 10:99–105.

29.Kwon NH., Kim SH., Kim JY., Lim JY., Kim JM., Jung WK., Park GT., Bae WK., Noh KM., Choi JW., Park YH. Antimicrobial activity of GC-100X against major food-borne pathogens and detaching effects of it against Escherichia coli O157: H7 on the surface of tomatoes. J Food Hyg Saf. 2002. 17:36–44.

30.Park HL., Kim YK., Ryoo KK., Lee YB., Lee JK., Lee MY. Studies on the antibacterial effects of electrolyzed reduced water. J Korean Acad Industrial Soc. 2005. 6:215–21.

31.Jin YG., Kim TW., Ding T., Oh DH. Effect of electrolyzed water and citric acid on quality enhancement and microbial inhibition in head lettuce. Korean J Food Sci Technol. 2009. 41:578–86.

32.Ryoo KK., Lee YB., Lee JK., Lee MY. Permeability and dissolvability of cathodic electrolyzed water for electrophoretic gel and green tea components. J Korean Acad Indus Soc. 2005. 6:87–93.