Investig Magn Reson Imaging.  2025 Jun;29(2):84-95. 10.13104/imri.2025.0006.

MRI Safety in the Era of Ultra-High Field Systems: Challenges, Innovations, and National Imperatives

• Oh S
• Kim S
• Jeong WK
• Choi SI

• KMID: 2569590
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.13104/imri.2025.0006

Abstract

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has revolutionized medical diagnostics and research and has marked a significant milestone in imaging technology. Systems exceeding 3 T are classified as ultra-high-field (UHF) MRI systems, offering higher resolution and enhanced diagnostic accuracy. However, UHF MRI faces challenges, particularly regarding the regulation of the specific absorption rate (SAR) of radiofrequency (RF) energy. This review analyzes the safety of MRI, focusing on the physiological effects of static magnetic fields, time-varying magnetic fields, and RF fields, and highlights the relationship between the SAR and temperature. Conservative RF safety standards established by organizations such as the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) have limited the clinical application of 7 T MRI. These limitations require the use of parallel transmission systems with at least eight channels to mitigate localized SAR and improve image uniformity. The emergence of 11.7 T MRI systems for human research, along with the development of 14 T systems, highlights the need to reassess these regulatory frameworks. The complex interplay between the SAR, temperature, and thermoregulation, which is influenced by factors such as age, sex, and physiological conditions, complicates the safety management of UHF MRI. This review emphasizes the need for national-scale research investments to advance RF safety standards through the development of technologies such as high-temperature superconductors, advanced RF coil designs, and artificial-intelligence-driven real-time SAR monitoring. Furthermore, temperature-based safety regulations have been proposed as a feasible alternative to SAR-based standards for RF safety management in MRI systems. By addressing the technological and regulatory challenges, UHF MRI can achieve widespread clinical implementation, thereby revealing its complete potential for medical imaging. This review focuses on the importance of aligning safety standards with realistic conditions to promote innovation and improve patient outcomes.

Keyword

MRI safety; Ultra-high field MRI; Specific absorption rate; RF safety standards; Thermoregulation