J Korean Med Sci.  2025 Jun;40(24):e116. 10.3346/jkms.2025.40.e116.

Occupational Lead Exposure Among Civilian Indoor Shooting Range Workers in Korea: A Report of Blood Lead Levels and Airborne Lead

• Park S
• Park J
• Lee B
• Lee YR
• Kim J
• Cho Y
• Choi H
• Kim K

• KMID: 2569133
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2025.40.e116

Abstract

Background
Indoor shooting ranges have emerged as a major source of lead exposure. However, occupational lead exposure in civilian indoor shooting ranges has been understudied in South Korea. This study aimed to assess blood lead levels (BLLs) and airborne lead concentrations among workers at these establishments.
Methods
This descriptive observational study included 21 workers from three indoor shooting ranges in South Korea. BLL was measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and airborne lead concentrations were assessed using personal air sampling devices. Data regarding occupational history, job type, and work area were collected through interviews.
Results
The mean BLL among workers was 39.82 µg/dL, with shooting coaches exhibiting the highest levels, substantially exceeding those of the general population. Airborne lead concentrations near firing zones were approximately seven times higher than the occupational exposure limit. Both air lead levels and BLL differed significantly based on job role and work area within the shooting ranges, showing a strong correlation.
Conclusion
This study highlights considerable lead exposure in civilian indoor shooting ranges, indicating the urgent need for improved safety regulations and preventive measures to mitigate lead exposure risks. Enhanced ventilation systems, regular health screenings, and better education on safety practices are recommended to protect workers’ health.

Keyword

Lead Exposure; Indoor Shooting Ranges; Blood Lead Levels; Air Lead Level; Occupational Health; South Korea