Tissue Eng Regen Med.  2022 Oct;19(5):1063-1075. 10.1007/s13770-022-00474-0.

Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Induces Cholinergic Differentiation of Tonsil-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Affiliations
  • 1Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116, Republic of Korea
  • 2Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116, Republic of Korea
  • 3Department of Molecular Medicine and Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 25 Magokdong-ro-2-gil, Gangseo-gu, Seoul 07804, Republic of Korea

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are considered a potential tool for regenerating damaged tissues due to their great multipotency into various cell types. Here, we attempted to find the appropriate conditions for neuronal differentiation of tonsil-derived MSCs (TMSCs) and expand the potential application of TMSCs for treating neurological diseases.
METHODS
The TMSCs were differentiated in DMEM/F-12 (Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium/Nutrient Mixture F-12) supplemented with various neurotrophic factors for 7–28 days to determine the optimal neuronal differentiation condition for the TMSCs. The morphologies as well as the levels of the neural markers and neurotransmitters were assessed to determine neuronal differentiation potentials and the neuronal lineages of the differentiated TMSCs.
RESULTS
Our initial study demonstrated that DMEM/F12 supplemented with 50 ng/mL basic fibroblast growth factor with 10 lM forskolin was the optimal condition for neuronal differentiation for the TMSCs. TMSCs had higher protein expression of neuronal markers, including neuron-specific enolase (NSE), GAP43, postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95), and synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP25) compared to the undifferentiated TMSCs. Immunofluorescence staining also validated the increased mature neuron markers, NeuN and synaptophysin, in the differentiated TMSCs. The expression of glial fibrillar acidic protein and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 the markers of astrocytes and microglia, were also slightly increased. Additionally, the differentiated TMSCs released a significantly higher level of acetylcholine, the cholinergic neurotransmitter, as analyzed by the liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry and showed an enhanced choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity compared to the undifferentiated cells.
CONCLUSION
Our study suggests that the optimized condition favors the TMSCs to differentiate into cholinergic neuron-like phenotype, which could be used as a possible therapeutic tool in treating certain neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease.

Keyword

Tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells; Neuronal differentiation; Basic fibroblast growth factor
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