Nutr Res Pract.  2022 Aug;16(4):450-463. 10.4162/nrp.2022.16.4.450.

Rice-based breakfast improves fasting glucose and HOMA-IR in Korean adolescents who skip breakfast, but breakfast skipping increases aromatic amino acids associated with diabetes prediction in Korean adolescents who skip breakfast: a randomized, parallel-group, controlled trial

• Kim HS
• Jung SJ
• Jang S
• Kim MJ
• Cha YS

• KMID: 2532095
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2022.16.4.450

Abstract

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES
Adolescents who skip breakfast have an increased prevalence of chronic diseases. Thus, we aimed to evaluate whether the intake of rice-based breakfast had positive effects on blood glucose indices and to determine the possibility of diabetes prevalence in Korean youths who habitually skip breakfast.
SUBJECTS/METHODS
In this randomized parallel-group controlled trial, 81 subjects who were suitable for compliance among 105 middle-and high-school students aged 12-18 years who usually skipped breakfast were included in this study (rice-meal group [RMG], n = 26; wheat-meal group [WMG], n = 29; general-meal group [GMG], n = 26). The RMG and WMG received a rice-based breakfast and a wheat-based breakfast for 12 weeks, respectively. The anthropometric indices, blood glucose indices, and metabolites were measured at baseline and the endpoint, respectively.
RESULTS
The mean body weights in the RMG, WMG, and GMG groups at the endpoint were 62.44 kg, 61.80 kg, and 60.28 kg, respectively, and the mean body weights of the WMG and GMG groups at the endpoint were significantly higher than that at baseline (P < 0.05). The levels of fasting insulin and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) values were significantly decreased in the RMG group at the endpoint compared to baseline (P < 0.05, P < 0.05, respectively). The levels of tryptophan and tyrosine in the WMG group at the endpoint were significantly higher than that those at baseline (P < 0.01, P < 0.05, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS
Rice-based breakfast has positive effects on fasting insulin levels and HOMA-IR in Korean adolescents who skip breakfast. Additionally, it was found that a skipping breakfast could increase the prevalence of diabetes in adolescents who skip breakfast. Therefore, in addition to reducing breakfast skipping, it is vital to develop a ricebased menu that fits teenage preferences to prevent chronic diseases such as diabetes.

Keyword

Adolescent; breakfast; glycemic control; metabolomics; clinical trial

Figure

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  Fig. 1 Flowchart of participants throughout the study from recruitment to inclusion in the final analysis.RMG, rice meal group; WMG, wheat meal group; GMG, general meal group; SMC, subjects with suitable meal compliance; OS, overweight and obese subjects.

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  Fig. 2 Blood glucose index of overweight and obese subjects. (A) The blood glucose (mg/dL) was analyzed by 2-way RM ANOVA; (B) HbA1c was analyzed by 2-way RM ANOVA. RMG group (n = 9), WMG group (n = 7), GMG group (n = 6).RMG, rice meal group; WMG, wheat meal group; GMG, general meal group; ANOVA, analysis of variance; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c.Different letters indicate bonferroni's post hoc after time effect, group effect, time × group and interaction of 2-way RM ANOVA analysis. There is no significant different in time × group interaction.

• 

  Fig. 3 Analysis of metabolites of aromatic amino acids related to blood glucose index in the subjects. (A-C) The results in the SMC group, RMG group (n = 26), WMG group (n = 29), GMG group (n = 26). (D-F) The results of overweight and obese subjects, RMG group (n = 9), WMG group (n = 7), GMG group (n = 6).RMG, rice meal group; WMG, wheat meal group; GMG, general meal group; SMC, subjects with suitable meal compliance.*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001; statistically significant by paired t-test analysis.

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