Nutr Res Pract.  2021 Aug;15(4):411-430. 10.4162/nrp.2021.15.4.411.

Dietary modulation of gut microbiota for the relief of irritable bowel syndrome

Affiliations
  • 1Chaum Life Center, CHA University, Seoul 06062, Korea
  • 2Digestive Disease Center, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam 13497, Korea
  • 3Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA

Abstract

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a frequently diagnosed gastrointestinal (GI) disorder characterized by recurrent abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in the stool form or frequency without any structural changes and overt inflammation. It is not a life-threatening condition but causes a considerable level of discomfort and distress. Among the many pathophysiologic factors, such as altered GI motility, visceral hypersensitivity, and lowgrade mucosal inflammation, as well as other immunologic, psychologic, and genetic factors, gut microbiota imbalance (dysbiosis), which is frequently found in IBS, has been highlighted as an etiology of IBS. Dysbiosis may affect gut mucosal homeostasis, immune function, metabolic regulation, and even visceral motor function. As diet is shown to play a fundamental role in the gut microbiota profile, this review discusses the influence of diet on IBS occurring through the modulation of gut microbiota. Based on previous studies, it appears that dietary modulation of the gut microbiota may be effective for the alleviation of IBS symptoms and, also an effective IBS management strategy based on the underlying mechanism; especially because, IBS currently has no specific treatment owing to its uncertain etiology.

Keyword

Irritable bowel syndrome; gut microbiota; dysbiosis; diet

Figure

  • Fig. 1 Interrelation between IBS and dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota. Many extrinsic and intrinsic factors can influence the dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota, which has been suggested as a novel pathophysiologic mechanism of IBS. A hypothesis is proposed that dietary modulation may improve IBS symptoms by mitigating the dysbiosis.ENS, enteric nervous system; FODMAP, fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols; GI, gastrointestinal; IBS, irritable bowel syndrome.


Reference

1. Sperber AD, Bangdiwala SI, Drossman DA, Ghoshal UC, Simren M, Tack J, Whitehead WE, Dumitrascu DL, Fang X, Fukudo S, et al. Worldwide prevalence and burden of functional gastrointestinal disorders, results of rome foundation global study. Gastroenterology. 2021; 160:99–114.e3. PMID: 32294476.
Article
2. Drossman DA. Functional gastrointestinal disorders: history, pathophysiology, clinical features and Rome IV. Gastroenterology. 2016; 150:1262–1279.
Article
3. Lacy BE, Mearin F, Chang L, Chey WD, Lembo AJ, Simren M, Spiller R. Bowel disorders. Gastroenterology. 2016; 150:1393–1407.E5.
Article
4. Pimentel M, Lembo A, Chey WD, Zakko S, Ringel Y, Yu J, Mareya SM, Shaw AL, Bortey E, Forbes WP. TARGET Study Group. Rifaximin therapy for patients with irritable bowel syndrome without constipation. N Engl J Med. 2011; 364:22–32. PMID: 21208106.
Article
5. Lembo A, Pimentel M, Rao SS, Schoenfeld P, Cash B, Weinstock LB, Paterson C, Bortey E, Forbes WP. Repeat treatment with rifaximin is safe and effective in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2016; 151:1113–1121. PMID: 27528177.
Article
6. Ponziani FR, Zocco MA, D'Aversa F, Pompili M, Gasbarrini A. Eubiotic properties of rifaximin: disruption of the traditional concepts in gut microbiota modulation. World J Gastroenterol. 2017; 23:4491–4499. PMID: 28740337.
Article
7. Mazzawi T, Lied GA, Sangnes DA, El-Salhy M, Hov JR, Gilja OH, Hatlebakk JG, Hausken T. The kinetics of gut microbial community composition in patients with irritable bowel syndrome following fecal microbiota transplantation. PLoS One. 2018; 13:e0194904. PMID: 30427836.
Article
8. Soderholm AT, Pedicord VA. Intestinal epithelial cells: at the interface of the microbiota and mucosal immunity. Immunology. 2019; 158:267–280. PMID: 31509239.
Article
9. Mowat AM, Agace WW. Regional specialization within the intestinal immune system. Nat Rev Immunol. 2014; 14:667–685. PMID: 25234148.
Article
10. Ratanasirintrawoot S, Israsena N. Stem cells in the intestine: possible roles in pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2016; 22:367–382. PMID: 27184041.
Article
11. O'Hara AM, Shanahan F. The gut flora as a forgotten organ. EMBO Rep. 2006; 7:688–693. PMID: 16819463.
12. Li M, Zhang L, Lu B, Chen Z, Chu L, Meng L, Fan Y. Role of dendritic cell-mediated abnormal immune response in visceral hypersensitivity. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015; 8:13243–13250. PMID: 26550249.
13. Zhou C, Fang X, Xu J, Gao J, Zhang L, Zhao J, Meng Y, Zhou W, Han X, Bai Y, et al. Bifidobacterium longum alleviates irritable bowel syndrome-related visceral hypersensitivity and microbiota dysbiosis via Paneth cell regulation. Gut Microbes. 2020; 12:1782156. PMID: 32584650.
14. Vincent AD, Wang XY, Parsons SP, Khan WI, Huizinga JD. Abnormal absorptive colonic motor activity in germ-free mice is rectified by butyrate, an effect possibly mediated by mucosal serotonin. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2018; 315:G896–907. PMID: 30095295.
Article
15. Geremia A, Biancheri P, Allan P, Corazza GR, Di Sabatino A. Innate and adaptive immunity in inflammatory bowel disease. Autoimmun Rev. 2014; 13:3–10. PMID: 23774107.
Article
16. Eshraghian A, Eshraghian H. Interstitial cells of Cajal: a novel hypothesis for the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome. Can J Gastroenterol. 2011; 25:277–279. PMID: 21647464.
Article
17. El-Salhy M, Hausken T, Gilja OH, Hatlebakk JG. The possible role of gastrointestinal endocrine cells in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017; 11:139–148. PMID: 27927062.
Article
18. Chong PP, Chin VK, Looi CY, Wong WF, Madhavan P, Yong VC. The microbiome and irritable bowel syndrome - A review on the pathophysiology, current research and future therapy. Front Microbiol. 2019; 10:1136. PMID: 31244784.
Article
19. Davenport ER, Sanders JG, Song SJ, Amato KR, Clark AG, Knight R. The human microbiome in evolution. BMC Biol. 2017; 15:127. PMID: 29282061.
Article
20. Scarpellini E, Ianiro G, Attili F, Bassanelli C, De Santis A, Gasbarrini A. The human gut microbiota and virome: potential therapeutic implications. Dig Liver Dis. 2015; 47:1007–1012. PMID: 26257129.
Article
21. Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Hamady M, Fraser-Liggett CM, Knight R, Gordon JI. The human microbiome project. Nature. 2007; 449:804–810. PMID: 17943116.
Article
22. Rinninella E, Raoul P, Cintoni M, Franceschi F, Miggiano GA, Gasbarrini A, Mele MC. What is the healthy gut microbiota composition? A changing ecosystem across age, environment, diet, and diseases. Microorganisms. 2019; 7:14.
Article
23. Jeffery IB, O'Toole PW, Öhman L, Claesson MJ, Deane J, Quigley EM, Simrén M. An irritable bowel syndrome subtype defined by species-specific alterations in faecal microbiota. Gut. 2012; 61:997–1006. PMID: 22180058.
Article
24. Dominguez-Bello MG, Blaser MJ, Ley RE, Knight R. Development of the human gastrointestinal microbiota and insights from high-throughput sequencing. Gastroenterology. 2011; 140:1713–1719. PMID: 21530737.
Article
25. Conlon MA, Bird AR. The impact of diet and lifestyle on gut microbiota and human health. Nutrients. 2014; 7:17–44. PMID: 25545101.
Article
26. Simrén M, Barbara G, Flint HJ, Spiegel BM, Spiller RC, Vanner S, Verdu EF, Whorwell PJ, Zoetendal EG; Rome Foundation Committee. Intestinal microbiota in functional bowel disorders: a Rome foundation report. Gut. 2013; 62:159–176. PMID: 22730468.
Article
27. Tuddenham S, Sears CL. The intestinal microbiome and health. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2015; 28:464–470. PMID: 26237547.
Article
28. Duncan SH, Louis P, Thomson JM, Flint HJ. The role of pH in determining the species composition of the human colonic microbiota. Environ Microbiol. 2009; 11:2112–2122. PMID: 19397676.
Article
29. Nicholson JK, Holmes E, Kinross J, Burcelin R, Gibson G, Jia W, Pettersson S. Host-gut microbiota metabolic interactions. Science. 2012; 336:1262–1267. PMID: 22674330.
Article
30. Quigley EM. The gut-brain axis and the microbiome: clues to pathophysiology and opportunities for novel management strategies in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). J Clin Med. 2018; 7:6.
Article
31. van de Wouw M, Schellekens H, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Microbiota-gut-brain axis: modulator of host metabolism and appetite. J Nutr. 2017; 147:727–745. PMID: 28356427.
Article
32. Fung C, Vanden Berghe P. Functional circuits and signal processing in the enteric nervous system. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2020; 77:4505–4522. PMID: 32424438.
Article
33. Bhattarai Y, Muniz Pedrogo DA, Kashyap PC. Irritable bowel syndrome: a gut microbiota-related disorder? Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2017; 312:G52–62. PMID: 27881403.
Article
34. Agus A, Planchais J, Sokol H. Gut microbiota regulation of tryptophan metabolism in health and disease. Cell Host Microbe. 2018; 23:716–724. PMID: 29902437.
Article
35. Gao K, Mu CL, Farzi A, Zhu WY. Tryptophan metabolism: a link between the gut microbiota and brain. Adv Nutr. 2020; 11:709–723. PMID: 31825083.
Article
36. Yano JM, Yu K, Donaldson GP, Shastri GG, Ann P, Ma L, Nagler CR, Ismagilov RF, Mazmanian SK, Hsiao EY. Indigenous bacteria from the gut microbiota regulate host serotonin biosynthesis. Cell. 2015; 161:264–276. PMID: 25860609.
Article
37. De Vadder F, Grasset E, Mannerås Holm L, Karsenty G, Macpherson AJ, Olofsson LE, Bäckhed F. Gut microbiota regulates maturation of the adult enteric nervous system via enteric serotonin networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018; 115:6458–6463. PMID: 29866843.
Article
38. Berstad A, Raa J, Valeur J. Tryptophan: ‘essential’ for the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome? Scand J Gastroenterol. 2014; 49:1493–1498. PMID: 25000845.
Article
39. Bosi A, Banfi D, Bistoletti M, Giaroni C, Baj A. Tryptophan metabolites along the microbiota-gut-brain axis: an interkingdom communication system influencing the gut in health and disease. Int J Tryptophan Res. 2020; 13:1178646920928984. PMID: 32577079.
Article
40. Zelante T, Iannitti RG, Cunha C, De Luca A, Giovannini G, Pieraccini G, Zecchi R, D'Angelo C, Massi-Benedetti C, Fallarino F, et al. Tryptophan catabolites from microbiota engage aryl hydrocarbon receptor and balance mucosal reactivity via interleukin-22. Immunity. 2013; 39:372–385. PMID: 23973224.
Article
41. O'Mahony SM, Clarke G, Borre YE, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Serotonin, tryptophan metabolism and the brain-gut-microbiome axis. Behav Brain Res. 2015; 277:32–48. PMID: 25078296.
42. Williams BB, Van Benschoten AH, Cimermancic P, Donia MS, Zimmermann M, Taketani M, Ishihara A, Kashyap PC, Fraser JS, Fischbach MA. Discovery and characterization of gut microbiota decarboxylases that can produce the neurotransmitter tryptamine. Cell Host Microbe. 2014; 16:495–503. PMID: 25263219.
Article
43. Levy M, Kolodziejczyk AA, Thaiss CA, Elinav E. Dysbiosis and the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol. 2017; 17:219–232. PMID: 28260787.
Article
44. Petersen C, Round JL. Defining dysbiosis and its influence on host immunity and disease. Cell Microbiol. 2014; 16:1024–1033. PMID: 24798552.
Article
45. Bellini M, Gambaccini D, Stasi C, Urbano MT, Marchi S, Usai-Satta P. Irritable bowel syndrome: a disease still searching for pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy. World J Gastroenterol. 2014; 20:8807–8820. PMID: 25083055.
46. Tap J, Derrien M, Törnblom H, Brazeilles R, Cools-Portier S, Doré J, Störsrud S, Le Nevé B, Öhman L, Simrén M. Identification of an intestinal microbiota signature associated with severity of irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2017; 152:111–123.e8. PMID: 27725146.
Article
47. Schmidt TS, Raes J, Bork P. The human gut microbiome: from association to modulation. Cell. 2018; 172:1198–1215. PMID: 29522742.
Article
48. Hyland NP, Cryan JF. Microbe-host interactions: influence of the gut microbiota on the enteric nervous system. Dev Biol. 2016; 417:182–187. PMID: 27343895.
Article
49. Pittayanon R, Lau JT, Yuan Y, Leontiadis GI, Tse F, Surette M, Moayyedi P. Gut microbiota in patients with irritable bowel syndrome-A systematic review. Gastroenterology. 2019; 157:97–108. PMID: 30940523.
Article
50. Rodiño-Janeiro BK, Vicario M, Alonso-Cotoner C, Pascua-García R, Santos J. A Review of microbiota and irritable bowel syndrome: future in therapies. Adv Ther. 2018; 35:289–310. PMID: 29498019.
Article
51. Le Chatelier E, Nielsen T, Qin J, Prifti E, Hildebrand F, Falony G, Almeida M, Arumugam M, Batto JM, Kennedy S, et al. Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers. Nature. 2013; 500:541–546. PMID: 23985870.
Article
52. Merino VR, Nakano V, Liu C, Song Y, Finegold SM, Avila-Campos MJ. Quantitative detection of enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis subtypes isolated from children with and without diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol. 2011; 49:416–418. PMID: 20980581.
Article
53. Distrutti E, Monaldi L, Ricci P, Fiorucci S. Gut microbiota role in irritable bowel syndrome: new therapeutic strategies. World J Gastroenterol. 2016; 22:2219–2241. PMID: 26900286.
Article
54. David LA, Maurice CF, Carmody RN, Gootenberg DB, Button JE, Wolfe BE, Ling AV, Devlin AS, Varma Y, Fischbach MA, et al. Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome. Nature. 2014; 505:559–563. PMID: 24336217.
Article
55. Muegge BD, Kuczynski J, Knights D, Clemente JC, González A, Fontana L, Henrissat B, Knight R, Gordon JI. Diet drives convergence in gut microbiome functions across mammalian phylogeny and within humans. Science. 2011; 332:970–974. PMID: 21596990.
Article
56. Chey WD. Food: the main course to wellness and illness in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016; 111:366–371. PMID: 26856749.
Article
57. Chey WD, Whelan K. Dietary guidelines for irritable bowel syndrome are important for gastroenterologists, dietitians and people with irritable bowel syndrome. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2016; 29:547–548. PMID: 27599641.
Article
58. Human Microbiome Project Consortium. Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature. 2012; 486:207–214. PMID: 22699609.
59. Conlon MA, Bird AR, Clarke JM, Le Leu RK, Christophersen CT, Lockett TJ, Topping DL. Lowering of large bowel butyrate levels in healthy populations is unlikely to be beneficial. J Nutr. 2015; 145:1030–1031. PMID: 25934666.
Article
60. Madsen KL. Interactions between microbes and the gut epithelium. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2011; 45(Suppl):S111–S114. PMID: 21992948.
Article
61. Thursby E, Juge N. Introduction to the human gut microbiota. Biochem J. 2017; 474:1823–1836. PMID: 28512250.
Article
62. McKenzie YA, Bowyer RK, Leach H, Gulia P, Horobin J, O'Sullivan NA, Pettitt C, Reeves LB, Seamark L, Williams M, et al. British Dietetic Association systematic review and evidence-based practice guidelines for the dietary management of irritable bowel syndrome in adults (2016 update). J Hum Nutr Diet. 2016; 29:549–575. PMID: 27272325.
Article
63. Halmos EP, Christophersen CT, Bird AR, Shepherd SJ, Gibson PR, Muir JG. Diets that differ in their FODMAP content alter the colonic luminal microenvironment. Gut. 2015; 64:93–100. PMID: 25016597.
Article
64. Holscher HD. Dietary fiber and prebiotics and the gastrointestinal microbiota. Gut Microbes. 2017; 8:172–184. PMID: 28165863.
Article
65. Ma N, Tian Y, Wu Y, Ma X. Contributions of the interaction between dietary protein and gut microbiota to intestinal health. Curr Protein Pept Sci. 2017; 18:795–808. PMID: 28215168.
Article
66. Singh RK, Chang HW, Yan D, Lee KM, Ucmak D, Wong K, Abrouk M, Farahnik B, Nakamura M, Zhu TH, et al. Influence of diet on the gut microbiome and implications for human health. J Transl Med. 2017; 15:73. PMID: 28388917.
Article
67. Tuck CJ, Vanner SJ. Dietary therapies for functional bowel symptoms: Recent advances, challenges, and future directions. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2018; 30:e13238.
Article
68. Didari T, Mozaffari S, Nikfar S, Abdollahi M. Effectiveness of probiotics in irritable bowel syndrome: updated systematic review with meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2015; 21:3072–3084. PMID: 25780308.
Article
69. Grabitske HA, Slavin JL. Low-digestible carbohydrates in practice. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008; 108:1677–1681. PMID: 18926133.
Article
70. Murray K, Wilkinson-Smith V, Hoad C, Costigan C, Cox E, Lam C, Marciani L, Gowland P, Spiller RC. Differential effects of FODMAPs (fermentable oligo-, di-, mono-saccharides and polyols) on small and large intestinal contents in healthy subjects shown by MRI. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014; 109:110–119. PMID: 24247211.
Article
71. Mayer EA, Savidge T, Shulman RJ. Brain-gut microbiome interactions and functional bowel disorders. Gastroenterology. 2014; 146:1500–1512. PMID: 24583088.
Article
72. Macfarlane GT, Macfarlane S. Bacteria, colonic fermentation, and gastrointestinal health. J AOAC Int. 2012; 95:50–60. PMID: 22468341.
Article
73. Farup PG, Rudi K, Hestad K. Faecal short-chain fatty acids - a diagnostic biomarker for irritable bowel syndrome? BMC Gastroenterol. 2016; 16:51. PMID: 27121286.
Article
74. Tana C, Umesaki Y, Imaoka A, Handa T, Kanazawa M, Fukudo S. Altered profiles of intestinal microbiota and organic acids may be the origin of symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2010; 22:512–519. e114–515. PMID: 19903265.
Article
75. El-Salhy M, Ystad SO, Mazzawi T, Gundersen D. Dietary fiber in irritable bowel syndrome (Review). Int J Mol Med. 2017; 40:607–613. PMID: 28731144.
Article
76. Clevers E, Tran M, Van Oudenhove L, Störsrud S, Böhn L, Törnblom H, Simrén M. Adherence to diet low in fermentable carbohydrates and traditional diet for irritable bowel syndrome. Nutrition. 2020; 73:110719. PMID: 32086111.
Article
77. Rajilić-Stojanović M, Jonkers DM, Salonen A, Hanevik K, Raes J, Jalanka J, de Vos WM, Manichanh C, Golic N, Enck P, et al. Intestinal microbiota and diet in IBS: causes, consequences, or epiphenomena? Am J Gastroenterol. 2015; 110:278–287. PMID: 25623659.
Article
78. Muir JG, Gibson PR. The low FODMAP diet for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome and other gastrointestinal disorders. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2013; 9:450–452. PMID: 23935555.
79. Shepherd SJ, Parker FC, Muir JG, Gibson PR. Dietary triggers of abdominal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: randomized placebo-controlled evidence. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008; 6:765–771. PMID: 18456565.
Article
80. De Giorgio R, Volta U, Gibson PR. Sensitivity to wheat, gluten and FODMAPs in IBS: facts or fiction? Gut. 2016; 65:169–178. PMID: 26078292.
Article
81. Shepherd SJ, Lomer MC, Gibson PR. Short-chain carbohydrates and functional gastrointestinal disorders. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013; 108:707–717. PMID: 23588241.
Article
82. McIntosh K, Reed DE, Schneider T, Dang F, Keshteli AH, De Palma G, Madsen K, Bercik P, Vanner S. FODMAPs alter symptoms and the metabolome of patients with IBS: a randomised controlled trial. Gut. 2017; 66:1241–1251. PMID: 26976734.
Article
83. Halmos EP, Power VA, Shepherd SJ, Gibson PR, Muir JG. A diet low in FODMAPs reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2014; 146:67–75.e5. PMID: 24076059.
84. Austin GL, Dalton CB, Hu Y, Morris CB, Hankins J, Weinland SR, Westman EC, Yancy WS Jr, Drossman DA. A very low-carbohydrate diet improves symptoms and quality of life in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009; 7:706–708.e1. PMID: 19281859.
Article
85. Shepherd SJ, Gibson PR. Fructose malabsorption and symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome: guidelines for effective dietary management. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006; 106:1631–1639. PMID: 17000196.
Article
86. Marsh A, Eslick EM, Eslick GD. Does a diet low in FODMAPs reduce symptoms associated with functional gastrointestinal disorders? A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Nutr. 2016; 55:897–906. PMID: 25982757.
Article
87. Staudacher HM, Whelan K. The low FODMAP diet: recent advances in understanding its mechanisms and efficacy in IBS. Gut. 2017; 66:1517–1527. PMID: 28592442.
Article
88. Varjú P, Farkas N, Hegyi P, Garami A, Szabó I, Illés A, Solymár M, Vincze Á, Balaskó M, Pár G, et al. Low fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAP) diet improves symptoms in adults suffering from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) compared to standard IBS diet: a meta-analysis of clinical studies. PLoS One. 2017; 12:e0182942. PMID: 28806407.
Article
89. Dionne J, Ford AC, Yuan Y, Chey WD, Lacy BE, Saito YA, Quigley EM, Moayyedi P. A systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the efficacy of a gluten-free diet and a low FODMAPs diet in treating symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol. 2018; 113:1290–1300. PMID: 30046155.
Article
90. Hustoft TN, Hausken T, Ystad SO, Valeur J, Brokstad K, Hatlebakk JG, Lied GA. Effects of varying dietary content of fermentable short-chain carbohydrates on symptoms, fecal microenvironment, and cytokine profiles in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2017; 29:e12969.
Article
91. Bellini M, Tonarelli S, Nagy AG, Pancetti A, Costa F, Ricchiuti A, de Bortoli N, Mosca M, Marchi S, Rossi A. Low FODMAP diet: evidence, doubts, and hopes. Nutrients. 2020; 12:148.
Article
92. Staudacher HM, Lomer MC, Anderson JL, Barrett JS, Muir JG, Irving PM, Whelan K. Fermentable carbohydrate restriction reduces luminal bifidobacteria and gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. J Nutr. 2012; 142:1510–1518. PMID: 22739368.
Article
93. Staudacher HM, Whelan K. Altered gastrointestinal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome and its modification by diet: probiotics, prebiotics and the low FODMAP diet. Proc Nutr Soc. 2016; 75:306–318. PMID: 26908093.
Article
94. Chumpitazi BP, Hollister EB, Oezguen N, Tsai CM, McMeans AR, Luna RA, Savidge TC, Versalovic J, Shulman RJ. Gut microbiota influences low fermentable substrate diet efficacy in children with irritable bowel syndrome. Gut Microbes. 2014; 5:165–175. PMID: 24637601.
Article
95. Chumpitazi BP, Cope JL, Hollister EB, Tsai CM, McMeans AR, Luna RA, Versalovic J, Shulman RJ. Randomised clinical trial: gut microbiome biomarkers are associated with clinical response to a low FODMAP diet in children with the irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015; 42:418–427. PMID: 26104013.
Article
96. Daïen CI, Pinget GV, Tan JK, Macia L. Detrimental impact of microbiota-accessible carbohydrate-deprived diet on gut and immune homeostasis: an overview. Front Immunol. 2017; 8:548. PMID: 28553291.
Article
97. Chadwick VS, Chen W, Shu D, Paulus B, Bethwaite P, Tie A, Wilson I. Activation of the mucosal immune system in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2002; 122:1778–1783. PMID: 12055584.
Article
98. O'Sullivan M, Clayton N, Breslin NP, Harman I, Bountra C, McLaren A, O'Morain CA. Increased mast cells in the irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2000; 12:449–457. PMID: 11012945.
99. Barbara G, Stanghellini V, De Giorgio R, Cremon C, Cottrell GS, Santini D, Pasquinelli G, Morselli-Labate AM, Grady EF, Bunnett NW, et al. Activated mast cells in proximity to colonic nerves correlate with abdominal pain in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2004; 126:693–702. PMID: 14988823.
Article
100. Akiho H, Ihara E, Nakamura K. Low-grade inflammation plays a pivotal role in gastrointestinal dysfunction in irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2010; 1:97–105. PMID: 21607147.
Article
101. Sinagra E, Pompei G, Tomasello G, Cappello F, Morreale GC, Amvrosiadis G, Rossi F, Lo Monte AI, Rizzo AG, Raimondo D. Inflammation in irritable bowel syndrome: myth or new treatment target? World J Gastroenterol. 2016; 22:2242–2255. PMID: 26900287.
Article
102. El-Salhy M, Gundersen D. Diet in irritable bowel syndrome. Nutr J. 2015; 14:36. PMID: 25880820.
Article
103. Shivappa N, Steck SE, Hurley TG, Hussey JR, Hébert JR. Designing and developing a literature-derived, population-based dietary inflammatory index. Public Health Nutr. 2014; 17:1689–1696. PMID: 23941862.
Article
104. Buscail C, Sabate JM, Bouchoucha M, Kesse-Guyot E, Hercberg S, Benamouzig R, Julia C. Western dietary pattern is associated with irritable bowel syndrome in the French NutriNet Cohort. Nutrients. 2017; 9:986.
Article
105. Khayyatzadeh SS, Esmaillzadeh A, Saneei P, Keshteli AH, Adibi P. Dietary patterns and prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome in Iranian adults. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2016; 28:1921–1933. PMID: 27324285.
Article
106. Calder PC, Ahluwalia N, Brouns F, Buetler T, Clement K, Cunningham K, Esposito K, Jönsson LS, Kolb H, Lansink M, et al. Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity. Br J Nutr. 2011; 106(Suppl 3):S5–S78. PMID: 22133051.
Article
107. Galland L. Diet and inflammation. Nutr Clin Pract. 2010; 25:634–640. PMID: 21139128.
Article
108. Menotti A, Puddu PE. How the seven countries study contributed to the definition and development of the Mediterranean diet concept: a 50-year journey. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2015; 25:245–252. PMID: 25650160.
Article
109. Hidalgo-Mora JJ, García-Vigara A, Sánchez-Sánchez ML, García-Pérez MÁ, Tarín J, Cano A. The Mediterranean diet: a historical perspective on food for health. Maturitas. 2020; 132:65–69. PMID: 31883665.
Article
110. Trichopoulou A, Martínez-González MA, Tong TY, Forouhi NG, Khandelwal S, Prabhakaran D, Mozaffarian D, de Lorgeril M. Definitions and potential health benefits of the Mediterranean diet: views from experts around the world. BMC Med. 2014; 12:112. PMID: 25055810.
Article
111. Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvadó J, Covas MI, Corella D, Arós F, Gómez-Gracia E, Ruiz-Gutiérrez V, Fiol M, Lapetra J, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil or nuts. N Engl J Med. 2018; 378:e34. PMID: 29897866.
Article
112. Gambino CM, Accardi G, Aiello A, Candore G, Dara-Guccione G, Mirisola M, Procopio A, Taormina G, Caruso C. Effect of extra virgin olive oil and table olives on the immuneinflammatory responses: potential clinical applications. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2018; 18:14–22. PMID: 29141570.
Article
113. Deiana M, Serra G, Corona G. Modulation of intestinal epithelium homeostasis by extra virgin olive oil phenolic compounds. Food Funct. 2018; 9:4085–4099. PMID: 30083682.
Article
114. Farràs M, Martinez-Gili L, Portune K, Arranz S, Frost G, Tondo M, Blanco-Vaca F. Modulation of the gut microbiota by olive oil phenolic compounds: implications for lipid metabolism, immune system, and obesity. Nutrients. 2020; 12:2200.
Article
115. Salas-Salvadó J, Casas-Agustench P, Murphy MM, López-Uriarte P, Bulló M. The effect of nuts on inflammation. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008; 17(Suppl 1):333–336. PMID: 18296371.
116. Holscher HD, Guetterman HM, Swanson KS, An R, Matthan NR, Lichtenstein AH, Novotny JA, Baer DJ. Walnut consumption alters the gastrointestinal microbiota, microbially derived secondary bile acids, and health markers in healthy adults: a randomized controlled trial. J Nutr. 2018; 148:861–867. PMID: 29726951.
Article
117. Bamberger C, Rossmeier A, Lechner K, Wu L, Waldmann E, Fischer S, Stark RG, Altenhofer J, Henze K, Parhofer KG. A walnut-enriched diet affects gut microbiome in healthy caucasian subjects: a randomized, controlled trial. Nutrients. 2018; 10:244.
Article
118. Zito FP, Polese B, Vozzella L, Gala A, Genovese D, Verlezza V, Medugno F, Santini A, Barrea L, Cargiolli M, et al. Good adherence to mediterranean diet can prevent gastrointestinal symptoms: a survey from Southern Italy. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther. 2016; 7:564–571. PMID: 27867690.
Article
119. Shin PK, Park SJ, Kim MS, Kwon DY, Kim MJ, Kim K, Chun S, Lee HJ, Choi SW. A traditional Korean diet with a low dietary inflammatory index increases anti-inflammatory IL-10 and decreases pro-inflammatory NF-κB in a small dietary intervention study. Nutrients. 2020; 12:2468.
Article
120. Barbalho SM, Goulart RA, Araújo AC, Guiguer ÉL, Bechara MD. Irritable bowel syndrome: a review of the general aspects and the potential role of vitamin D. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019; 13:345–359. PMID: 30791775.
Article
121. Jalili M, Vahedi H, Poustchi H, Hekmatdoost A. Effects of vitamin D supplementation in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Int J Prev Med. 2019; 10:16. PMID: 30820303.
Article
122. Khalighi Sikaroudi M, Mokhtare M, Janani L, Faghihi Kashani AH, Masoodi M, Agah S, Abbaspour N, Dehnad A, Shidfar F. Vitamin D3 supplementation in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome patients: the effects on symptoms improvement, serum corticotropin-releasing hormone, and interleukin-6 - A randomized clinical trial. Complement Med Res. 2020; 27:302–309. PMID: 32203968.
Article
123. Khalighi Sikaroudi M, Mokhtare M, Shidfar F, Janani L, Faghihi Kashani A, Masoodi M, Agah S, Dehnad A, Shidfar S. Effects of vitamin D3 supplementation on clinical symptoms, quality of life, serum serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), 5-hydroxy-indole acetic acid, and ratio of 5-HIAA/5-HT in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. EXCLI J. 2020; 19:652–667. PMID: 33013260.
124. Shi SM, Wen YL, Hou HB, Liu HX. Effectiveness of vitamin D for irritable bowel syndrome: a protocol for a systematic review of randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019; 98:e14723. PMID: 30817618.
125. Ligaarden SC, Farup PG. Low intake of vitamin B6 is associated with irritable bowel syndrome symptoms. Nutr Res. 2011; 31:356–361. PMID: 21636013.
Article
126. Salari-Moghaddam A, Keshteli AH, Esmaillzadeh A, Adibi P. Empirically derived food-based inflammatory potential of the diet, irritable bowel syndrome, and its severity. Nutrition. 2019; 63-64:141–147. PMID: 31029043.
Article
127. Zheng J, Hoffman KL, Chen JS, Shivappa N, Sood A, Browman GJ, Dirba DD, Hanash S, Wei P, Hebert JR, et al. Dietary inflammatory potential in relation to the gut microbiome: results from a cross-sectional study. Br J Nutr. 2020; 124:931–942. PMID: 32475373.
Article
128. De Filippis F, Pellegrini N, Vannini L, Jeffery IB, La Storia A, Laghi L, Serrazanetti DI, Di Cagno R, Ferrocino I, Lazzi C, et al. High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome. Gut. 2016; 65:1812–1821. PMID: 26416813.
Article
129. Cozma-Petruţ A, Loghin F, Miere D, Dumitraşcu DL. Diet in irritable bowel syndrome: What to recommend, not what to forbid to patients! World J Gastroenterol. 2017; 23:3771–3783. PMID: 28638217.
Article
130. Just S, Mondot S, Ecker J, Wegner K, Rath E, Gau L, Streidl T, Hery-Arnaud G, Schmidt S, Lesker TR, et al. The gut microbiota drives the impact of bile acids and fat source in diet on mouse metabolism. Microbiome. 2018; 6:134. PMID: 30071904.
Article
131. Abulizi N, Quin C, Brown K, Chan YK, Gill SK, Gibson DL. Gut mucosal proteins and bacteriome are shaped by the saturation index of dietary lipids. Nutrients. 2019; 11:418.
Article
132. Shen W, Wolf PG, Carbonero F, Zhong W, Reid T, Gaskins HR, McIntosh MK. Intestinal and systemic inflammatory responses are positively associated with sulfidogenic bacteria abundance in high-fat-fed male C57BL/6J mice. J Nutr. 2014; 144:1181–1187. PMID: 24919690.
Article
133. Muralidharan J, Galiè S, Hernández-Alonso P, Bulló M, Salas-Salvadó J. Plant-based fat, dietary patterns rich in vegetable fat and gut microbiota modulation. Front Nutr. 2019; 6:157. PMID: 31681786.
Article
134. Patrone V, Minuti A, Lizier M, Miragoli F, Lucchini F, Trevisi E, Rossi F, Callegari ML. Differential effects of coconut versus soy oil on gut microbiota composition and predicted metabolic function in adult mice. BMC Genomics. 2018; 19:808. PMID: 30404613.
Article
135. Bailey MA, Holscher HD. Microbiome-mediated effects of the Mediterranean diet on inflammation. Adv Nutr. 2018; 9:193–206. PMID: 29767701.
Article
136. Mani V, Hollis JH, Gabler NK. Dietary oil composition differentially modulates intestinal endotoxin transport and postprandial endotoxemia. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2013; 10:6. PMID: 23305038.
Article
137. Ford AC, Quigley EM, Lacy BE, Lembo AJ, Saito YA, Schiller LR, Soffer EE, Spiegel BM, Moayyedi P. Efficacy of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics in irritable bowel syndrome and chronic idiopathic constipation: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014; 109:1547–1561. PMID: 25070051.
Article
138. Wilson B, Rossi M, Dimidi E, Whelan K. Prebiotics in irritable bowel syndrome and other functional bowel disorders in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2019; 109:1098–1111. PMID: 30949662.
Article
139. Staudacher HM, Lomer MC, Farquharson FM, Louis P, Fava F, Franciosi E, Scholz M, Tuohy KM, Lindsay JO, Irving PM, et al. A diet low in FODMAPs reduces symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and a probiotic restores bifidobacterium species: a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 2017; 153:936–947. PMID: 28625832.
Article
140. Staudacher HM, Scholz M, Lomer MC, Ralph FS, Irving PM, Lindsay JO, Fava F, Tuohy K, Whelan K. Gut microbiota associations with diet in irritable bowel syndrome and the effect of low FODMAP diet and probiotics. Clin Nutr. 2021; 40:1861–1870. PMID: 33183883.
Article
Full Text Links
  • NRP
Actions
Cited
CITED
export Copy
Close
Share
  • Twitter
  • Facebook
Similar articles
Copyright © 2024 by Korean Association of Medical Journal Editors. All rights reserved.     E-mail: koreamed@kamje.or.kr