2. Korea National Statistical Office. Annual report on the cause of death statistics, 2010 [Internet]. Daejeon (Korea): Statistics Korea;[cited 2020 May 3]. Available from:
http://kostat.go.kr/portal/eng/index.action.
3. Berenson GS, Srinivasan SR, Bao W, Newman WP 3rd, Tracy RE, Wattigney WA. Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults. The Bogalusa Heart Study. N Engl J Med. 1998; 338:1650–6.
Article
4. Stamler J, Daviglus ML, Garside DB, Dyer AR, Greenland P, Neaton JD. Relationship of baseline serum cholesterol levels in 3 large cohorts of younger men to long-term coronary, cardiovascular, and all-cause mortality and to longevity. JAMA. 2000; 284:311–8.
Article
5. Sone H, Tanaka S, Tanaka S, Iimuro S, Oida K, Yamasaki Y, et al. Serum level of triglycerides is a potent risk factor comparable to LDL cholesterol for coronary heart disease in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: subanalysis of the Japan Diabetes Complications Study (JDCS). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011; 96:3448–56.
Article
6. Goldbourt U, Yaari S, Medalie JH. Isolated low HDL cholesterol as a risk factor for coronary heart disease mortality. A 21-year follow-up of 8000 men. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997; 17:107–13.
7. Jee SH, Jang Y, Oh DJ, Oh BH, Lee SH, Park SW, et al. A coronary heart disease prediction model: the Korean Heart Study. BMJ Open. 2014; 4:e005025.
Article
8. McGill HC Jr, McMahan CA, Zieske AW, Tracy RE, Malcom GT, Strong JP. Effects of nonlipid risk factors on atherosclerosis in youth with a favorable lipoprotein profile. Circulation. 2001; 103:1546–50.
Article
9. Ko M, Kim MT, Nam JJ. Assessing risk factors of coronary heart disease and its risk prediction among Korean adults: the 2001 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Int J Cardiol. 2006; 110:184–90.
Article
10. Kim S, Moon S, Popkin BM. The nutrition transition in South Korea. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000; 71:44–53.
Article
11. Lauer RM, Lee J, Clarke WR. Factors affecting the relationship between childhood and adult cholesterol levels: the Muscatine Study. Pediatrics. 1988; 82:309–18.
12. Kavey RE, Daniels SR, Lauer RM, Atkins DL, Hayman LL, Taubert K, et al. American Heart Association guidelines for primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease beginning in childhood. Circulation. 2003; 107:1562–6.
Article
13. Raitakari OT, Juonala M, Kahonen M, Taittonen L, Laitinen T, Maki-Torkko N, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in childhood and carotid artery intima-media thickness in adulthood: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. JAMA. 2003; 290:2277–83.
Article
14. McGill HC Jr, McMahan CA, Malcom GT, Oalmann MC, Strong JP. Effects of serum lipoproteins and smoking on atherosclerosis in young men and women. The PDAY Research Group. Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth. Atheroscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997; 17:95–106.
Article
15. Kim SH, Ahn BC, Joung H, Park MJ. Lipid profiles and prevalence of dyslipidemia in Korean adolescents. Endocrinol Metab. 2012; 27:208–16.
Article
16. Yang S, Hwang JS, Park HK, Lee HS, Kim HS, Kim EY, et al. Serum lipid concentrations, prevalence of dyslipidemia, and percentage eligible for pharmacological treatment of Korean children and adolescents; data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV (2007-2009). PLoS One. 2012; 7:e49253.
Article
17. Hickman TB, Briefel RR, Carroll MD, Rifkind BM, Cleeman JI, Maurer KR, et al. Distributions and trends of serum lipid levels among United States children and adolescents ages 4–19 years: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Prev Med. 1998; 27:879–90.
Article
18. Ford ES, Li C, Zhao G, Mokdad AH. Concentrations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol among children and adolescents in the United States. Circulation. 2009; 119:1108–15.
Article
19. Shim YS, Baek JW, Kang MJ, Oh YJ, Yang S, Hwang IT. R eference values for the triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in Korean Children and Adolescents: the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2007-2013. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2016; 23:1334–44.
20. Expert Panel on Integrated Guidelines for Cardiovascular Health and Risk Reduction in Children and Adolescents; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Expert panel on integrated guidelines for cardiovascular health and risk reduction in children and adolescents: summary report. Pediatrics. 2011; 128(Suppl 5):S213–56.
21. Havel PJ. Dietary fructose: implications for dysregulation of energy homeostasis and lipid/carbohydrate metabolism. Nutr Rev. 2005; 63:133–57.
Article
22. Lichtenstein AH, Appel LJ, Brands M, Carnethon M, Daniels S, Franch HA, et al. Summary of American Heart Association Diet and Lifestyle Recommendation revision 2006. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006; 26:2186–91.
23. US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for lipid disorders in children: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Pediatrics. 2007; 120:e215–9.
24. Haney EM, Huffman LH, Bougatsos C, Freeman M, Fu R, Steiner RD, et al. Screening for lipid disorders in children and adolescents [Internet]. Rockville: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality;2007. [cited 2020 May 3]. Available from:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK33480/.
25. Slack J. Risks of ischaemic heart-disease in familial hyperlipoproteinaemic states. Lancet. 1969; 2:1380–2.
26. Srinivasan SR, Frontini MG, Xu J, Berenson GS. Utility of childhood non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in predicting adult dyslipidemia and other cardiovascular risks: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Pediatrics. 2006; 118:201–6.
Article
27. Cu i Y, Blu ment ha l R S, Fl aw s JA, Whiteman M K, Langenberg P, Bachorik PS, Bush TL. Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level as a predictor of cardiovascular disease mortality. Arch Intern Med. 2001; 161:1413–9.
Article
28. Frontini MG, Srinivasan SR, Xu JH, Tang R, Bond MG, Berenson G. Utility of non-high-density lipoprotein cho¬lesterol versus other lipoprotein measures in detecting subclinical atherosclerosis in young adults (The Bogalusa Heart Study). Am J Cardiol. 2007; 100:64–8.
Article
29. Hong HR, Kim SU, Kang HS. Physical activity and metabolic syndrome in Korean children. Int J Sports Med. 2009; 30:677–83.
Article
30. Shin KO, Oh SY, Park HS. Empirically derived major dietary patterns and their associations with overweight in Korean preschool children. Br J Nutr. 2007; 98:416–21.
Article
31. US department of agriculture; US Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010. 7th ed. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office;2011.
32. Becque MD, Katch VL, Rocchini AP, Marks CR, Moorehead C. Coronary risk incidence of obese adolescents: reduction by exercise plus diet intervention. Pediatrics. 1988; 81:605–12.
Article
33. McCrindle BW; American Heart Association Writing Group, Urbina EM, Dennison BA, Jacobson MS, Steinberger J, et al. Summary of the American Heart Association's scientific statement on drug therapy of high-risk lipid abnormalities in children and adolescents. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007; 27:982–5.
Article
34. McCrindle BW, Urbina EM, Dennison BA, Jacobson MS, Steinberger J, Rocchini AP, et al. Drug therapy of highrisk lipid abnormalities in children and adolescents: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in Youth Committee, Council of Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, with the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing. Circulation. 2007; 115:1948–67.
Article
35. Daniels SR. Pediatric guidelines for dyslipidemia. J Clin Lipidol. 2015; 9(5 Suppl):S5–10.
Article
36. Manlhiot C, Larsson P, Gurofsky RC, Smith RW, Fillingham C, Clarizia NA, et al. Spectrum and management of hypertriglyceridemia among children in clinical practice. Pediatrics. 2009; 123:458–65.
Article
37. Berglund L, Brunzell JD, Goldberg AC, Goldberg IJ, Sacks F, Murad MH, et al. Evaluation and treatment of hypertriglyceridemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012; 97:2969–89.
Article
38. Wiegman A, Hutten BA, de Groot E, Rodenburg J, Bakker HD, Buller HR, et al. Efficacy and safety of statin therapy in children with familial hypercholesterolemia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004; 292:331–7.
Article
39. McCrindle BW, Ose L, Marais AD. Efficacy and safety of atorvastatin in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolemia or severe hyperlipidemia: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Pediatr. 2003; 143:74–80.
Article
40. de Jongh S, Ose L, Szamosi T, Gagne C, Lambert M, Scott R, et al. Efficacy and safety of statin therapy in children with familial hypercholesterolemia: a randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial with simvastatin. Circulation. 2002; 106:2231–7.
Article
41. Avis HJ, Vissers MN, Stein EA, Wijburg FA, Trip MD, Kastelein JJ, et al. A systematic review and metaanalysis of statin therapy in children with familial hypercholesterolemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007; 27:1803–10.
Article
42. Tonstad S, Knudtzon J, Sivertsen M, Refsum H, Ose L. Efficacy and safety of cholestyramine therapy in peripubertal and prepubertal children with familial hypercholesterolemia. J Pediatr. 1996; 129:42–9.
Article
43. Blagden MD, Chipperfield R. Efficacy and safety of ezetimibe co-administered with atorvastatin in untreated patients with primar y hypercholesterolaemia and 044106coronary heart disease. Curr Med Res Opin. 2007; 23:767–75.