Korean J Gastroenterol.  2019 Dec;74(6):314-320. 10.4166/kjg.2019.74.6.314.

Role of Gut Microbiota in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications: Novel Insights and Potential Intervention Strategies

Affiliations
  • 1Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Gondar Hospital, Gondar, Ethiopia.
  • 2Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia. beletebiadigo@yahoo.com

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus has become one of the fastest growing public health problems worldwide. The disease is believed to involve a complex process involving genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. The human intestine harbors hundreds of trillions of bacteria, as well as bacteriophage particles, viruses, fungi, and archaea, which constitute a complex and dynamic ecosystem referred to as the gut microbiota. Increasing evidence has indicated changes in the gut microbiota composition or function in type 2 diabetic patients. An analysis of "˜dysbiosis' enables the detection of alterations in the specific bacteria, clusters of bacteria, or bacterial functions associated with the occurrence of type 2 diabetes. These bacteria are involved predominantly in the control of inflammation and energy homeostasis. This review attempts to show that the gut microbiota are important factors for the occurrence of type 2 diabetes and are important for the treatment of gut microbiota dysbiosis through bariatric surgery, fecal microbiota transplantation, prebiotics, and probiotics.

Keyword

Type 2 diabetes mellitus; Gastrointestinal microbiome

MeSH Terms

Archaea
Bacteria
Bacteriophages
Bariatric Surgery
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2*
Dysbiosis
Ecosystem
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation
Fungi
Gastrointestinal Microbiome*
Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Homeostasis
Humans
Inflammation
Intestines
Prebiotics
Probiotics
Public Health
Virion
Prebiotics

Reference

1. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications : report of a WHO consultation. Part 1, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization;c1999. cited 2018 Oct 20. Avaliable from: http://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/66040.
2. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2014; 37 Suppl 1:S14–S80.
3. Sigurdardóttir AK. Self-care in diabetes: Model of factors affecting self-care. J Clin Nurs. 2005; 14:301–314.
4. Longo DL, Kasper DL, Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Loscalzo J. Harrison's principles of internal medicine. 18th ed. New York (PA): McGraw Hill Professional;2011.
5. International Diabetes Federation. IDF diabetes atlas. 7th ed. Brussels: International Diabetes Federation;2015.
6. International Diabetes Federation, IDF diabetes atlas. 6th ed. Brussels: International Diabetes Federation;2013.
7. UK prospective diabetes study 6. Complications in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients and their association with different clinical and biochemical risk factors. Diabetes Res. 1990; 13:1–11.
8. Ley RE, Turnbaugh PJ, Klein S, Gordon JI. Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity. Nature. 2006; 444:1022–1023.
9. Marteau P, Lepage P, Mangin I, et al. Review article: gut flora and inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004; 20 Suppl 4:18–23.
10. Swidsinski A, Weber J, Loening-Baucke V, Hale LP, Lochs H. Spatial organization and composition of the mucosal flora in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. J Clin Microbiol. 2005; 43:3380–3389.
11. Cani PD. Metabolism in 2013: the gut microbiota manages host metabolism. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2014; 10:74–76.
12. Kashyap PC, Marcobal A, Ursell LK, et al. Complex interactions among diet, gastrointestinal transit, and gut microbiota in humanized mice. Gastroenterology. 2013; 144:967–977.
13. Everard A, Cani PD. Diabetes, obesity and gut microbiota. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2013; 27:73–83.
14. Zhao L. The gut microbiota and obesity: from correlation to causality. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2013; 11:639–647.
15. Ley RE, Bäckhed F, Turnbaugh P, Lozupone CA, Knight RD, Gordon JI. Obesity alters gut microbial ecology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005; 102:11070–11075.
16. Cani PD, Bibiloni R, Knauf C, et al. Changes in gut microbiota control metabolic endotoxemia-induced inflammation in high-fat diet-induced obesity and diabetes in mice. Diabetes. 2008; 57:1470–1481.
17. Cani PD, Possemiers S, Van de Wiele T, et al. Changes in gut microbiota control inflammation in obese mice through a mechanism involving GLP-2-driven improvement of gut permeability. Gut. 2009; 58:1091–1103.
18. Tilg H, Kaser A. Gut microbiome, obesity, and metabolic dysfunction. J Clin Invest. 2011; 121:2126–2132.
19. Tremaroli V, Bäckhed F. Functional interactions between the gut microbiota and host metabolism. Nature. 2012; 489:242–249.
20. Wu X, Ma C, Han L, et al. Molecular characterisation of the faecal microbiota in patients with type II diabetes. Curr Microbiol. 2010; 61:69–78.
21. Larsen N, Vogensen FK, van den Berg FW, et al. Gut microbiota in human adults with type 2 diabetes differs from non-diabetic adults. PLoS One. 2010; 5:e9085.
22. Qin J, Li Y, Cai Z, et al. A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature. 2012; 490:55–60.
23. Kootte RS, Vrieze A, Holleman F, et al. The therapeutic potential of manipulating gut microbiota in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012; 14:112–120.
24. Delzenne NM, Cani PD. Gut microbiota and the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. Curr Diab Rep. 2011; 11:154–159.
25. Hoffmann C, Dollive S, Grunberg S, et al. Archaea and fungi of the human gut microbiome: correlations with diet and bacterial residents. PLoS One. 2013; 8:e66019.
26. Goodrich JK, Waters JL, Poole AC, et al. Human genetics shape the gut microbiome. Cell. 2014; 159:789–799.
27. Delzenne NM, Cani PD, Everard A, Neyrinck AM, Bindels LB. Gut microorganisms as promising targets for the management of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2015; 58:2206–2217.
28. Qin J, Li R, Raes J, et al. A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing. Nature. 2010; 464:59–65.
29. Mika A, Van Treuren W, González A, Herrera JJ, Knight R, Fleshner M. Exercise is more effective at altering gut microbial composition and producing stable changes in lean mass in juvenile versus adult male F344 rats. PLoS One. 2015; 10:e0125889.
30. Prakash S, Rodes L, Coussa-Charley M, Tomaro-Duchesneau C. Gut microbiota: next frontier in understanding human health and development of biotherapeutics. Biologics. 2011; 5:71–86.
31. Round JL, Mazmanian SK. The gut microbiota shapes intestinal immune responses during health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2009; 9:313–323.
32. Needell JC, Zipris D. The role of the intestinal microbiome in type 1 diabetes pathogenesis. Curr Diab Rep. 2016; 16:89.
33. Xu J, Mahowald MA, Ley RE, et al. Evolution of symbiotic bacteria in the distal human intestine. PLoS Biol. 2007; 5:e156.
34. Blandino G, Inturri R, Lazzara F, Di Rosa M, Malaguarnera L. Impact of gut microbiota on diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab. 2016; 42:303–315.
35. Ridaura VK, Faith JJ, Rey FE, et al. Gut microbiota from twins discordant for obesity modulate metabolism in mice. Science. 2013; 341:1241214.
36. Turnbaugh PJ, Hamady M, Yatsunenko T, et al. A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins. Nature. 2009; 457:480–484.
37. Karlsson FH, Tremaroli V, Nookaew I, et al. Gut metagenome in European women with normal, impaired and diabetic glucose control. Nature. 2013; 498:99–103.
38. Wang F, Zhang P, Jiang H, Cheng S. Gut bacterial translocation contributes to microinflammation in experimental uremia. Dig Dis Sci. 2012; 57:2856–2862.
39. Mishima E, Fukuda S, Shima H, et al. Alteration of the intestinal environment by lubiprostone is associated with amelioration of adenine-induced CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015; 26:1787–1794.
40. Tang WH, Wang Z, Levison BS, et al. Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med. 2013; 368:1575–1584.
41. Koeth RA, Wang Z, Levison BS, et al. Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nat Med. 2013; 19:576–585.
42. Wang Z, Roberts AB, Buffa JA, et al. Non-lethal inhibition of gut microbial trimethylamine production for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Cell. 2015; 163:1585–1595.
43. Molodecky NA, Soon IS, Rabi DM, et al. Increasing incidence and prevalence of the inflammatory bowel diseases with time, based on systematic review. Gastroenterology. 2012; 142:46–54.
44. Belcheva A, Irrazabal T, Robertson SJ, et al. Gut microbial metabolism drives transformation of MSH2-deficient colon epithelial cells. Cell. 2014; 158:288–299.
45. Schulz MD, Atay Ç, Heringer J, et al. High-fat-diet-mediated dysbiosis promotes intestinal carcinogenesis independently of obesity. Nature. 2014; 514:508–512.
46. Sabatino A, Regolisti G, Cosola C, Gesualdo L, Fiaccadori E. Intestinal microbiota in type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Curr Diab Rep. 2017; 17:16.
47. Xie B, Waters MJ, Schirra HJ. Investigating potential mechanisms of obesity by metabolomics. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2012; 2012:805683.
48. Brown JM, Hazen SL. The gut microbial endocrine organ: bacterially derived signals driving cardiometabolic diseases. Annu Rev Med. 2015; 66:343–359.
49. Boulangé CL, Neves AL, Chilloux J, Nicholson JK, Dumas ME. Impact of the gut microbiota on inflammation, obesity, and metabolic disease. Genome Med. 2016; 8:42.
50. Kelly TN, Bazzano LA, Ajami NJ, et al. Gut microbiome associates with lifetime cardiovascular disease risk profile among bogalusa heart study participants. Circ Res. 2016; 119:956–964.
51. Paras TM, Percival F, McQuade E. The gut microbiome influences arthritis development in IIJ mice. J Immunol. 2016; 196:Suppl 1. 118.
52. Hooper LV, Littman DR, Macpherson AJ. Interactions between the microbiota and the immune system. Science. 2012; 336:1268–1273.
53. Bleich A, Hansen AK. Time to include the gut microbiota in the hygienic standardisation of laboratory rodents. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012; 35:81–92.
54. Turnbaugh PJ, Bäckhed F, Fulton L, Gordon JI. Diet-induced obesity is linked to marked but reversible alterations in the mouse distal gut microbiome. Cell Host Microbe. 2008; 3:213–223.
55. Cani PD, Neyrinck AM, Fava F, et al. Selective increases of Bifidobacteria in gut microflora improve high-fat-diet-induced diabetes in mice through a mechanism associated with endotoxaemia. Diabetologia. 2007; 50:2374–2383.
56. Shi H, Kokoeva MV, Inouye K, Tzameli I, Yin H, Flier JS. TLR4 links innate immunity and fatty acid-induced insulin resistance. J Clin Invest. 2006; 116:3015–3025.
57. Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Mahowald MA, Magrini V, Mardis ER, Gordon JI. An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature. 2006; 444:1027–1031.
58. Murphy EF, Cotter PD, Healy S, et al. Composition and energy harvesting capacity of the gut microbiota: relationship to diet, obesity and time in mouse models. Gut. 2010; 59:1635–1642.
59. Brown AJ, Goldsworthy SM, Barnes AA, et al. The orphan G protein-coupled receptors GPR41 and GPR43 are activated by propionate and other short chain carboxylic acids. J Biol Chem. 2003; 278:11312–11319.
60. Sohail MU, Althani A, Anwar H, Rizzi R, Marei HE. Role of the gastrointestinal tract microbiome in the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Res. 2017; 2017:9631435.
61. Martin FP, Wang Y, Sprenger N, et al. Probiotic modulation of symbiotic gut microbial-host metabolic interactions in a humanized microbiome mouse model. Mol Syst Biol. 2008; 4:157.
62. Fowler MJ. Microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes. Clinical Diabetes. 2008; 26:77–82.
63. David LA, Maurice CF, Carmody RN, et al. Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome. Nature. 2014; 505:559–563.
64. Beli E, Yan Y, Moldovan L, et al. Restructuring of the gut microbiome by intermittent fasting prevents retinopathy and prolongs survival in db/db mice. Diabetes. 2018; 67:1867–1879.
65. Kanbay M, Onal EM, Afsar B, et al. The crosstalk of gut microbiota and chronic kidney disease: role of inflammation, proteinuria, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Int Urol Nephrol. 2018; 50:1453–1466.
66. Mafra D, Fouque D. Gut microbiota and inflammation in chronic kidney disease patients. Clin Kidney J. 2015; 8:332–334.
67. Wu H, Esteve E, Tremaroli V, et al. Metformin alters the gut microbiome of individuals with treatment-naive type 2 diabetes, contributing to the therapeutic effects of the drug. Nat Med. 2017; 23:850–858.
68. Quinn BJ, Kitagawa H, Memmott RM, Gills JJ, Dennis PA. Repositioning metformin for cancer prevention and treatment. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2013; 24:469–480.
69. Gui J, Liu Q, Feng L. Metformin vs insulin in the management of gestational diabetes: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2013; 8:e64585.
70. Stades AM, Heikens JT, Erkelens DW, Holleman F, Hoekstra JB. Metformin and lactic acidosis: cause or coincidence? A review of case reports. J Intern Med. 2004; 255:179–187.
71. Ryan KK, Tremaroli V, Clemmensen C, et al. FXR is a molecular target for the effects of vertical sleeve gastrectomy. Nature. 2014; 509:183–188.
72. Tremaroli V, Karlsson F, Werling M, et al. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and vertical banded gastroplasty induce long-term changes on the human gut microbiome contributing to fat mass regulation. Cell Metab. 2015; 22:228–238.
73. Yang PJ, Yang WS, Nien HC, et al. Duodenojejunal bypass leads to altered gut microbiota and strengthened epithelial barriers in rats. Obes Surg. 2016; 26:1576–1583.
74. Cani PD, Amar J, Iglesias MA, et al. Metabolic endotoxemia initiates obesity and insulin resistance. Diabetes. 2007; 56:1761–1772.
75. Buchwald H, Estok R, Fahrbach K, et al. Weight and type 2 diabetes after bariatric surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2009; 122:248–256.
76. Conlon MA, Bird AR. The impact of diet and lifestyle on gut microbiota and human health. Nutrients. 2014; 7:17–44.
77. Roberfroid MB. Inulin-type fructans: functional food ingredients. J Nutr. 2007; 137(11 Suppl):2493S–2502S.
78. Hill C, Guarner F, Reid G, et al. Expert consensus document. The international scientific association for probiotics and prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014; 11:506–514.
79. Roberfroid M. Prebiotics: the concept revisited. J Nutr. 2007; 137(3 Suppl 2):830S–837S.
80. Cui M, Xiao H, Li Y, et al. Faecal microbiota transplantation protects against radiation-induced toxicity. EMBO Mol Med. 2017; 9:448–461.
81. Bang BW, Park JS, Kim HK, et al. Fecal microbiota transplantation for refractory and recurrent clostridium difficile infection: a case series of nine patients. Korean J Gastroenterol. 2017; 69:226–231.
Full Text Links
  • KJG
Actions
Cited
CITED
export Copy
Close
Share
  • Twitter
  • Facebook
Similar articles
Copyright © 2024 by Korean Association of Medical Journal Editors. All rights reserved.     E-mail: koreamed@kamje.or.kr