Clin Endosc.  2019 Sep;52(5):419-425. 10.5946/ce.2019.078.

Endoscopic Therapy for Acute Diverticular Bleeding

Affiliations
  • 1Department of Endoscopy, The Jikei University Katsushika Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan. masakato89@gmail.com

Abstract

Diverticular bleeding accounts for approximately 26%-40% of the cases of lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Rupture of the vasa recta at the neck or dome of the diverticula can be the cause of this bleeding. Colonoscopy aids in not only the diagnosis but also the treatment of diverticular bleeding after a steady bowel preparation. Endoscopic hemostasis involves several methods, such as injection/thermal contact therapy, clipping, endoscopic band ligation (EBL), hemostatic powder, and over-the-scope clips. Each endoscopic method can provide a secure initial hemostasis. With regard to the clinical outcomes after an endoscopic treatment, the methods reportedly have no significant differences in the initial hemostasis and early recurring bleeding; however, EBL might prevent the need for transcatheter arterial embolization or surgery. In contrast, the long-term outcomes of the endoscopic treatments, such as a late bleeding and recurrent bleeding at 1 and 2 years, are not well known for diverticular bleeding. With regard to a cure for diverticular bleeding, there should be an improvement in both the endoscopic methods and the multilateral perspectives, such as diet, medicines, interventional approaches, and surgery.

Keyword

Diverticulum; Colon; Endoscopic; Hemostasis

MeSH Terms

Colon
Colonoscopy
Diagnosis
Diet
Diverticulum
Hemorrhage*
Hemostasis
Hemostasis, Endoscopic
Ligation
Methods
Neck
Rupture

Figure

  • Fig. 1. Angioarchitecture of the diverticula. Diverticula are formed at the sites where the vasa recta penetrate the muscular wall of the colon. The arteriole is displaced over the dome. Diverticular bleeding is occasionally associated with a rupture of the vasa recta at the neck or dome of the diverticula.

  • Fig. 2. A stigmata of recent hemorrhage defining the bleeding site or the visible vessel after removal of the adherent clot.

  • Fig. 3. Direct placement method. (A) Identification of the bleeding point using a distal attachment cap, which is useful for uncovering the bleeding point. The endoscope is fitted with a distal attachment cap. (B) Direct placement of the clip targeting the visible vessel with the cap. (C) Successful clipping.

  • Fig. 4. Indirect placement in a zipper fashion, which helps to stop the bleeding by compression.

  • Fig. 5. Endoscopic band ligation. (A) Placement of a marking clip near the responsible diverticulum followed by reinsertion of the colonoscope with an endoscopic band ligation device. (B) Easy identification of the bleeding point with the marking clip. (C) View after releasing the O-ring, which ideally ligates both sides of the muscular wall involving the bleeding point.

  • Fig. 6. The over-the-scope clip (OTSC) system. (A) Type t and Type gc made of nitinol. (B) The OTSC system mounted onto the tip of an endoscope with a Twin Grasper as the application aid. (C) The OTSC system is applied at the perforation site.


Cited by  1 articles

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