Korean J Dent Mater.  2019 Jun;46(2):75-88. 10.14815/kjdm.2019.46.2.75.

Effect of apical constriction diameter, irrigant flow rate, and needle tip design on apical pressure

• Lee CH
• Jo SA
• Lim BS
• Lee IB

• KMID: 2452687
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.14815/kjdm.2019.46.2.75

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of apical constriction (AC) diameter, irrigant flow rate, and needle tip design on apical pressure (AP) during the root canal irrigation. Five extracted human mandibular premolars were instrumented up to #35 (0.06 taper) using nickel-titanium rotary instruments. AC was determined at 1 mm from the apical foramen. Three needles with different tip designs (notched, side-vented, and flat) were placed 3 mm from AC. APs were measured with varying flow rates of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mL/s. The AC diameter of the teeth was enlarged to #40 and #45 (0.06 taper) successively, and the aforementioned measurement procedure was repeated (n=5). When the other conditions were controlled, AP increased with decreasing AC diameter or increasing irrigant flow rate, and the AP of flat needle was the highest, followed by notched, and side-vented needle (p<0.05). The APs with 0.05 mL/s flow rate were lower than central venous pressure (5.88 mmHg) for all conditions. Under the conditions of the present study, flat needle is not recommended in narrow AC (0.35 mm), as the value of the AP with a flow rate of 0.05 mL/s is similar to the central venous pressure. However, in AC diameter of >0.35 mm, open-end (notched or flat) needles can be used to improve irrigant replacement in the apical portion using a flow rate of 0.05 mL/s.

Keyword

Apical constriction diameter; Apical pressure; Irrigant flow rate; Needle tip design

MeSH Terms

Bicuspid
Central Venous Pressure
Constriction*
Dental Pulp Cavity
Humans
Needles*
Tooth
Tooth Apex