Korean J Community Nutr.  2019 Feb;24(1):18-23. 10.5720/kjcn.2019.24.1.18.

Daily Water Consumption and its Contribution to Calcium Intake in Korean Adults

• Park ES
• Lee YK
• Kim MH
• Choi MK

• KMID: 2439669
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2019.24.1.18

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Although water is essential for life and can supply essential minerals, studies that evaluate calcium intake through drinking water are limited. The aim of this study was to assess calcium contents of natural mineral water (NMW) and its possible contribution to calcium intake in healthy adults.
METHODS
This study examined water consumption in 640 Korean adults with selfselected diet, analyzed the calcium content of 10 different brands of bottled NMWs sold in Korea, and assessed the amount of calcium intake from drinking water and its daily contribution to the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) of calcium.
RESULTS
Mean calcium content in 10 bottled NMWs was 20.9 mg/l. Daily water intakes from food composition database and calculated using energy intake based on 0.53 ml/kcal were 957.2 ml and 1109.8 ml for men and 848.3 ml and 951.6 ml for women, respectively, with a significant difference by gender (p < 0.001). Daily drinking water intake was significantly higher among men than women (1203.9 ml vs. 1004.3 ml, respectively, p < 0.001). Daily calcium intakes from foods were 564.0 mg for men and 534.2 mg for women. Daily possible calcium intakes from drinking bottled water were 25.2 mg for men and 21.0 mg for women (p < 0.001). The contribution of daily calcium intake from drinking bottled water to RNI of calcium was 3.3% for men and 2.9% for women without significant difference.
CONCLUSIONS
One half of the daily total water intake was consumed as drinking water, and possible calcium intake through drinking water was about 3% of RNI.

Keyword

water; drinking water; natural mineral water; calcium; recommended nutrient intake

MeSH Terms

Adult*
Calcium*
Diet
Drinking Water
Drinking*
Energy Intake
Female
Humans
Korea
Male
Mineral Waters
Minerals
Miners
Water*
Calcium
Drinking Water
Mineral Waters
Minerals
Water

Figure

• 

  Fig. 1 Daily water intake from food and drinking water of the subjects. Subjects of 320 men and 320 women. Total water_1 = water intake from food calculated using food composition table + drinking water intake. Total water_2 = water intake from food calculated using energy intake (energy intake × 0.53) + drinking water intake.

• 

  Fig. 2 Daily calcium intake from drinking water compared to recommended intake of calcium in the subjects according to gender and age. Subjects of 64 men and 64 women for each age group. Different letters over the graph indicate significantly difference among age groups at p<0.05 by Duncan's multiple-range test. There is significant difference between men and women at p<0.001.

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