Nutr Res Pract.  2018 Feb;12(1):29-40. 10.4162/nrp.2018.12.1.29.

Topical or oral treatment of peach flower extract attenuates UV-induced epidermal thickening, matrix metalloproteinase-13 expression and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in hairless mice skin

• Kwak CS
• Yang J
• Shin CY
• Chung JH

• KMID: 2429016
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2018.12.1.29

Abstract

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES
Ultraviolet radiation (UV) is a major cause of skin photoaging. Previous studies reported that ethanol extract (PET) of Prunus persica (L.) Batsch flowers (PPF, peach flowers) and its subfractions, particularly the ethylacetate (PEA) and n-butanol extracts (PBT), have potent antioxidant activity and attenuate the UV-induced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression in human skin cells. In this study, we investigated the protective activity of PPF extract against UV-induced photoaging in a mouse model.
MATERIALS/METHODS
Hairless mice were treated with PET or a mixture of PEA and PBT either topically or orally along with UV irradiation. Histological changes and biochemical alterations of mouse skin were examined. Major phenolic compounds in PPF extract were analyzed using an ACQUITY UPLC system.
RESULTS
The overall effects of topical and oral treatments with PPF extract on the UV-induced skin responses exhibited similar patterns. In both experiments, the mixture of PEA and PBT significantly inhibited the UV-induced skin and epidermal thickening, while PET inhibited only the UV-induced epidermal thickening. Treatment of PET or the mixture of PEA and PBT significantly inhibited the UV-induced MMP-13 expression, but not typeâ…  collagen expression. Topical treatment of the mixture of PEA and PBT with UV irradiation significantly elevated catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-peroxidase (GPx) activities in the skin compared to those in the UV irradiated control group, while oral treatment of the mixture of PEA and PBT or PET elevated only catalase and SOD activities, but not GPx. Thirteen phytochemical compounds including 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid, cimicifugic acid E and B, quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside and kaempferol glycoside derivatives were identified in the PPF extract.
CONCLUSIONS
These results demonstrate that treatment with PET or the mixture of PEA and PBT, both topically or orally, attenuates UV-induced photoaging via the cooperative interactions of phenolic components having anti-oxidative and collagen-protective activities.

Keyword

Prunus persica; skin photoaging; typeâ…  collagen; epidermal thickness; antioxidant enzyme; phenolic compound

MeSH Terms

1-Butanol
Animals
Catalase
Collagen
Ethanol
Flowers*
Humans
Matrix Metalloproteinase 13*
Mice
Mice, Hairless*
Peas
Phenol
Prunus persica*
Skin*
Superoxide Dismutase
1-Butanol
Catalase
Collagen
Ethanol
Matrix Metalloproteinase 13
Phenol
Superoxide Dismutase

Figure

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  Fig. 1 Effects of topical treatment of Prunus persica Flos (PPF) extract on UV-induced epidermal thickening and skin thickening in mice. Representative images of histological observation by H&E staining of mouse dorsal skin (200x)(A). Epidermal thickness (B) and average skinfold thickness (C) of different groups at the end of the experiment. Each bar represents the mean ± SD (n = 6). Means sharing the same alphabet letter on the bar are not significantly different at P < 0.05 by ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test. Normal control group (T-NC): vehicle treatment (ethanol:polyethylene glycol=3:7, v/v), UV control group (T-UV): UV-irradiation + vehicle treatment, PET group (T-PET): UV irradiation + PPF ethanol extract, PM group (T-PM): UV irradiation + the mixture of ethylacetate fraction and butanol fraction from PPF ethanol extract. Dorsal skin was irradiated with UV 3 times a week and sample (2 mg/mouse) was topically applied 5 times/week for 9 weeks.

• 

  Fig. 2 Effects of topical treatment of Prunus persica Flos (PPF) extract on expression of MMP-13 and typeⅠ collagen in UV-irradiated mouse skin. Relative mRNA expression of MMP-13 and collagen-1 in mouse dorsal skin in different groups, measured by real-time PCR (A). Protein expression of MMP-13 and typeⅠ collagen was determined by Western blot (B) and the band was quantified (C). Each bar represents the mean ± SD (n = 6). Means sharing the same alphabet letter on the bar are not significantly different at P < 0.05 by ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test. NS: not significant. Normal control group (T-NC): vehicle treatment (ethanol:polyethylene glycol=3:7, v/v), UV control group (T-UV): UV-irradiation + vehicle treatment, PET group (T-PET): UV irradiation + PPF ethanol extract, PM group (T-PM): UV irradiation + the mixture of ethylacetate fraction and butanol fraction from PPF ethanol extract. The dorsal skin was irradiated with UV 3 times a week, and sample (2 mg/mouse) was topically applied 5 times/week for 9 weeks.

• 

  Fig. 3 Effects of topical treatment of Prunus persica Flos (PPF) extract on the activities of antioxidant enzymes in UV-irradiated mouse skin. Catalase, Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-peroxidase (GPx) activities were measured in mouse skin. Each bar represents the mean ± SD (n = 6). Means sharing the same alphabet letter on the bar are not significantly different at P < 0.05 by ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test. Normal control group (T-NC): vehicle treatment (ethanol:polyethylene glycol=3:7, v/v), UV control group (T-UV): UV-irradiation + vehicle treatment, PET group (T-PET): UV irradiation + PPF ethanol extract, PM group (T-PM): UV irradiation + the mixture of ethylacetate fraction and butanol fraction from PPF ethanol extract. Dorsal skin was UV irradiated 3 times a week, and sample (2 mg/mouse) was topically applied 5 times/week for 9 weeks.

• 

  Fig. 4 Effects of oral treatment of Prunus persica Flos (PPF) extract on UV-induced epidermal and skin thickening in the mice. Representative images of histological observation by H&E staining of mouse dorsal skin (200x)(A). Epidermal thickness (B) and average skinfold thickness (C) of different groups measured at the end of the experiment. Each bar represents the mean ± SD (n = 6). Means sharing the same alphabet letter on the bar are not significantly different at P < 0.05 by ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test. Normal control group (O-NC): vehicle treatment (2.5% DMSO), UV control group (O-UV): UV irradiation + vehicle treatment, PET group (O-PET): UV irradiation + PPF ethanol extract treatment, PM group (O-PM): UV irradiation + treatment with the mixture of ethylacetate fraction and butanol fraction from PPF ethanol extract. UV irradiated to the mouse dorsal skin 3 times a week, and sample (100 mg/kg BW) was administered orally 5 times a week for 10 weeks.

• 

  Fig. 5 Effects of oral treatment of Prunus persica Flos (PPF) extract on expression of MMP-13 and typeⅠ collagen in UV-irradiated mouse skin. Relative mRNA expression of MMP-13 and typeⅠ collagen in mouse dorsal skin in different groups measured by real-time PCR (A). Western blot (B) and quantifications (C) of protein expression of MMP-13 and typeⅠ collagen. Each bar represents the mean ± SD (n = 6). Means sharing the same alphabet letter on the bar are not significantly different at P < 0.05 by ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test. NS: not significant. Normal control group (O-NC): vehicle treatment (2.5% DMSO), UV control group (O-UV): UV irradiation + vehicle treatment, PET group (O-PET): UV irradiation + PPF ethanol extract treatment, PM group (O-PM): UV irradiation + treatment with the mixture of ethylacetate fraction and butanol fraction from PPF ethanol extract. Mouse dorsal skin was UV irradiated 3 times a week, and sample (100 mg/kg BW) was administered orally 5 times a week for 10 weeks.

• 

  Fig. 6 Effects of oral treatment of Prunus persica Flos (PPF) extract on the activities of antioxidant enzymes and pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations in UV-irradiated mouse skin. Catalase, Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-peroxidase (GPx) activities (A) and IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations (B) were measured in mouse skin. Each bar represents the mean ± SD (n = 6). Means sharing the same alphabet letter on the bar are not significantly different at P < 0.05 by ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test. Normal control group (O-NC): vehicle treatment (2.5% DMSO), UV control group (O-UV): UV irradiation + vehicle treatment, PET group (O-PET): UV irradiation + PPF ethanol extract treatment, PM group (O-PM): UV irradiation + treatment with the mixture of ethylacetate fraction and butanol fraction from PPF ethanol extract. Mouse dorsal skin was UV irradiated 3 times a week, and sample (100 mg/kg BW) was administered orally 5 times a week for 10 weeks.

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  Fig. 7 UHPLC chromatogram of main phenolic peaks in Prunus persica Flos (PPF) extract. ethanol extract of PPF, PEA: ethylacetate-soluble fraction of PET, PBT: n-butanol-soluble fraction of PET

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