Ann Dermatol.  2018 Dec;30(6):653-661. 10.5021/ad.2018.30.6.653.

Citron Essential Oils Alleviate the Mediators Related to Rosacea Pathophysiology in Epidermal Keratinocytes

• Jeon HW
• Na EY
• Yun SJ
• Lee SC
• Lee JB

• KMID: 2428920
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.5021/ad.2018.30.6.653

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Citron is well known for an abundance of antioxidative and anti-inflammatory ingredients such as vitamin C, polyphenol compounds, flavonoids, and limonoids.
OBJECTIVE
In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of citron essential oils on rosacea mediators in activated keratinocytes in vitro.
METHODS
Normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) were stimulated with 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VD3) and interleukin 33 (IL-33) with LL-37 to induce rosacea mediators such as kallikrein 5 (KLK5), cathelicidin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1). These mediators were analyzed by performing reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative real-time PCR, immunocytofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay after NHEKs were treated with citron seed and unripe citron essential oils.
RESULTS
The messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels of KLK5 and LL-37 induced by VD3 were suppressed by citron seed and unripe citron essential oils. Furthermore, the mRNA and protein levels of VEGF and TRPV1 induced by IL-33 with LL-37 were also suppressed by citron essential oils.
CONCLUSION
These results show that citron essential oils have suppressive effects on rosacea mediators in activated epidermal keratinocytes, which indicates that the citron essential oils may be valuable adjuvant therapeutic agents for rosacea.

Keyword

Citron essential oils; Rosacea

MeSH Terms

Ascorbic Acid
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Flavonoids
Humans
In Vitro Techniques
Interleukin-33
Kallikreins
Keratinocytes*
Limonins
Oils, Volatile*
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
RNA, Messenger
Rosacea*
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
Ascorbic Acid
Flavonoids
Interleukin-33
Kallikreins
Limonins
Oils, Volatile
RNA, Messenger
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A

Figure

• 

  Fig. 1 (A) Messenger RNA levels of kallikrein 5 (KLK5), LL-37, and vitamin D receptor (VDR) induced by vitamin D3 decreased after treatment with citron essential oils in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs); semi-quantitative reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction. (B) Protein levels of KLK5 and LL-37 induced by VD3 in NHEKs decreased after treatment with citron seed and unripe citron essential oils; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Bars indicate standard deviations. GAPDH: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. *p<0.05, **p<0.01.

• 

  Fig. 2 Expression of LL-37 induced by vitamin D3 (VD3) in normal human epidermal keratinocytes was suppressed after treatment with 0.02% citron essential oils; immunocytochemistry, 200×. DAPI: 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole.

• 

  Fig. 3 (A) Messenger RNA levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) induced by interleukin 33 (IL-33) and LL-37 decreased after treatment with citron essential oils in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs); real-time polymerase chain reaction. (B) Protein levels of VEGF and TRPV1 induced by IL-33 and LL-37 in NHEKs decreased after treatment with citron essential oils; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Bars indicate standard deviations. GAPDH: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. *p<0.05, **p<0.01.

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