Asia Pac Allergy.  2014 Apr;4(2):86-90. 10.5415/apallergy.2014.4.2.86.

Pholcodine consumption and immunoglobulin E-sensitization in atopics from Australia, Korea, and Japan

• Katelaris
• Kurosawa M
• Moon HB
• Borres M
• Florvaag E
• Johansson

• KMID: 2397110
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.5415/apallergy.2014.4.2.86

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Accumulating data indicates that pholcodine (PHO)-consuming countries have higher sero-prevalences of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-antibodies to PHO and suxamethonium (SUX) and increased frequencies of IgE-mediated anaphylaxis to neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) than nonconsuming. Withdrawing PHO-containing cough syrups resulted in a significant decrease of cases with anaphylaxis in Scandinavia. Nevertheless, the European Medicines Agency in 2011 advised to continue the unrestricted use throughout the European Union.
OBJECTIVE
To extend studies on PHO consumption and prevalence of IgE-sensitization to morphine (MOR), PHO, and SUX to countries representing high (Australia), and low (Korea and Japan), consumers, respectively.
METHODS
IgE-antibodies to SUX, MOR, and PHO in atopic subjects were determined by immunoassay and compared with official figures for PHO consumption and reported anaphylaxis to NMBA.
RESULTS
The prevalences of IgE-antibodies to PHO, MOR, and SUX were 10%, 8.6%, and 4.3%, respectively, in Australia. The corresponding figures for Japan were 0.8%, 0.8%, and 1.5%, and for Korea 1.0% to PHO and 0.5% to MOR and SUX. Of the SUX-positive sera, 100% were positive to PHO or MOR in Australia and 0% in Japan and Korea.
CONCLUSION
The study supports previous findings; exposure to PHO may induce IgE-antibodies to the substituted ammonium ion epitope of NMBAs, thus increasing risk of NMBA-induced anaphylaxis considerably. However, other, still unknown factors occasionally might induce IgE-antibodies to SUX.

Keyword

Pholcodine; IgE; Anaphylaxis; General anaesthesia; Neuromuscular blocking agent

MeSH Terms

Ammonium Compounds
Anaphylaxis
Australia*
Cough
European Union
Immunoassay
Immunoglobulin E
Immunoglobulins*
Japan*
Korea*
Morphine
Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
Prevalence
Scandinavian and Nordic Countries
Succinylcholine
Immunoglobulin E
Immunoglobulins
Morphine
Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
Succinylcholine

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