Korean J Orthod.  2016 Jul;46(4):228-241. 10.4041/kjod.2016.46.4.228.

Comparisons of orthodontic root resorption under heavy and jiggling reciprocating forces during experimental tooth movement in a rat model

• Hikida T
• Yamaguchi
• Shimizu M
• Kikuta J
• Yoshino T
• Kasai K

• KMID: 2392203
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4041/kjod.2016.46.4.228

Abstract

OBJECTIVE
Root mobility due to reciprocating movement of the tooth (jiggling) may exacerbate orthodontic root resorption (ORR). "Jiggling" describes mesiodistal or buccolingual movement of the roots of the teeth during orthodontic treatment. In the present study, buccolingual movement is described as "jiggling." We aimed to investigate the relationship between ORR and jiggling and to test for positive cell expression in odontoclasts in resorbed roots during experimental tooth movement (jiggling) in vivo.
METHODS
Male Wistar rats were divided into control, heavy force (HF), optimal force (OF), and jiggling force (JF) groups. The expression levels of cathepsin K, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 protein, interleukin (IL)-6, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant 1 (CINC-1; an IL-8-related protein in rodents), receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin protein in the dental root were determined using immunohistochemistry.
RESULTS
On day 21, a greater number of root resorption lacunae, which contained multinucleated odontoclasts, were observed in the palatal roots of rats in the JF group than in rats from other groups. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in the numbers of cathepsin K-positive and MMP-9-positive odontoclasts in the JF group on day 21. Immunoreactivities for IL-6, CINC-1, and RANKL were stronger in resorbed roots exposed to jiggling than in the other groups on day 21. Negative reactivity was observed in the controls.
CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that jiggling may induce ORR via inflammatory cytokine production during orthodontic tooth movement, and that jiggling may be a risk factor for ORR.

Keyword

Experimental tooth movement; Rreciprocating movement; Root resorption; Orthodontic force

MeSH Terms

Animals
Cathepsin K
Cathepsins
Humans
Immunohistochemistry
Interleukin-6
Interleukins
Male
Models, Animal*
Neutrophils
Osteoclasts
Osteoprotegerin
Rats*
Rats, Wistar
Risk Factors
Root Resorption*
Tooth Movement*
Tooth*
Cathepsin K
Cathepsins
Interleukin-6
Interleukins
Osteoprotegerin

Figure

• 

  Figure 1 Experimental tooth movement. Experimental tooth movement was induced by the design of an appliance (diameter: 0.012 inches [0.3048 mm], stainless steel wire) ligated to a maxillary first molar cleat by a 0.008-inches (0.2032 mm) stainless steel ligature wire. The upper first molar was moved palatally or buccally using the appliance with a force of 10 g or 50 g. The appliances were attached to the rats after activation in each direction.

• 

  Figure 2 The experimental schedule for each group. The rats were randomly assigned to four groups: the control group with no appliance (days 0–21); the optimal force (OF) group, treated with 10 g of compression (days 0–21); the heavy force (HF) group, treated with 50 g of compression (days 0–21); and the jiggling force (JF) group, treated with 10 g compression on day 7 (days 0–7), 10 g of tension on day 14 (days 8–14), and 10 g of compression (the A area) on day 21 (days 15–21); and 10 g of tension on day 7 (days 0–7), 10 g of compression on day 14 (days 8–14), and 10 g of tension (the B area) on day 21 (days 15–21).

• 

  Figure 3 A schematic illustration showing the area of investigation (box) on the palatal aspect of the distal palatal root of the first molar (hematoxylin and eosin staining). MP, Mesial palatal root; M, mesial root; MB, mesial buccal root; DP, distal palatal root; DB, distal buccal root; M1, the left first upper molar; PDL, periodontal ligament.

• 

  Figure 4 Light microscopy images showing the effects of different orthodontic forces on multinucleated osteoclasts (hematoxylin and eosin staining, ×400). The expression of odontoclasts (arrowheads) on the cementum in the jiggling force group (u) was greater than those in the heavy force (o) and optimal force groups (i) on day 21. The direction of the applied force is indicated by the large arrow. PDL, Periodontal ligament; C, cementum; D, dentin.

• 

  Figure 5 Effects of different orthodontic forces on the expression of cathepsin K-positive odontoclasts (×400). PDL, Periodontal ligament; C, cementum; D, dentin.

• 

  Figure 6 Effects of different orthodontic forces on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9-positive odontoclasts (×400). PDL, Periodontal ligament; C, cementum; D, dentin.

• 

  Figure 7 Effects of different orthodontic forces on the expression of interleukin (IL)-6-positive odontoclasts (×400). PDL, Periodontal ligament; C, cementum; D, dentin.

• 

  Figure 8 Effects of different orthodontic forces on the expression of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant 1 (CINC-1)-positive odontoclasts (×400). PDL, Periodontal ligament; C, cementum; D, dentin.

• 

  Figure 9 Effects of different orthodontic forces on the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL)-positive odontoclasts (×400). PDL, Periodontal ligament; C, cementum; D, dentin.

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  Figure 10 Effects of different orthodontic forces on the expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG)-positive odontoclasts (×400). PDL, Periodontal ligament; C, cementum; D, dentin.

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  Figure 11 A statistical diagram depicting the quantitative assessment of cellular changes. MMP, Matrix metalloproteinase; IL, interleukin; CINC-1, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant 1; RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand; OPG, osteoprotegerin; Control, control group; OF, optimal force group; HF, heavy force group; JF, jiggling force group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, significantly different from the corresponding control group; †p < 0.05, ††p < 0.01, significantly different from the corresponding HF.

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