Clin Nutr Res.  2015 Oct;4(4):225-234. 10.7762/cnr.2015.4.4.225.

Effects of Soy Flour Fortified Bread Consumption on Cardiovascular Risk Factors According to APOE Genotypes in Overweight and Obese Adult Women: A Cross-over Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

Affiliations
  • 1Food Security Research Center and Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran. entezari@hlth.mui.ac.ir
  • 2Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran.

Abstract

Recent studies suggest that inclusion of soy product in the diet may have favorable effects on relief of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and risk factors. These effects might be associated with the presence of specific polymorphism in gene. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of consumption of soy flour fortified bread on cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese women according to APOE genotype. In a randomized cross-over clinical trial 30 overweight and obese women received a mild weight loss diet and assigned to a regular diet and a soy bread diet, each for 6 weeks and a washout period for 20 days. Subjects in the soy bread diet were asked to replace 120 grams of their daily usual bread intake with equal amount of soy bread. No significant effects of soy bread on serum lipid, systolic blood pressure and anthropometric indices were observed compared to the regular diet (p > 0.05). For diastolic blood pressure (DBP), comparison of mean differences between two groups showed a marginally significant effect of soy bread (p = 0.06). Compared to regular diet, soy bread had a significant effect on DBP in E2 genotype group (epsilon2/epsilon2) (p = 0.03). Having epsilon2 allele may influences responses of CVD risk factor to soy bread consumption. However more nutrigenetic studies are required.

Keyword

Soy; Obesity; Cardiovascular diseases; Apolipoprotein E

MeSH Terms

Adult*
Alleles
Apolipoproteins E*
Blood Pressure
Bread*
Cardiovascular Diseases
Diet
Diet, Reducing
Female
Flour*
Genotype*
Humans
Obesity
Overweight*
Risk Factors*
Apolipoproteins E

Figure

  • Figure 1 The enrollment of study participants.

  • Figure 2 Study diagram. Group 1: treatment from soy bread diet to control diet (regular diet), Group 2: treatment from control diet to soy bread diet.


Reference

1. Kankeu HT, Saksena P, Xu K, Evans DB. The financial burden from non-communicable diseases in low- and middle-income countries: a literature review. Health Res Policy Syst. 2013; 11:31.
Article
2. Sadeghi-Bazargani H, Jafarzadeh H, Fallah M, Hekmat S, Bashiri J, Hosseingolizadeh GH, Soltanmohammadzadeh MS, Mortezazadeh A, Shaker A, Danehzan M, Zohouri A, Khosravi O, Nasimidoust R, Malekpour N, Kharazmi E, Babaei M, Nadirmohammadi M, Mashhadi-Abdollahi H. Risk factor investigation for cardiovascular health through WHO STEPS approach in Ardabil, Iran. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2011; 7:417–424.
3. Misra A, Khurana L. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome in developing countries. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008; 93:S9–S30.
Article
4. Wang H, Peng DQ. New insights into the mechanism of low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in obesity. Lipids Health Dis. 2011; 10:176–186.
Article
5. Pipe EA, Gobert CP, Capes SE, Darlington GA, Lampe JW, Duncan AM. Soy protein reduces serum LDL cholesterol and the LDL cholesterol:HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B:apolipoprotein A-I ratios in adults with type 2 diabetes. J Nutr. 2009; 139:1700–1706.
Article
6. Carmignani LO, Pedro AO, da Costa-Paiva LH, Pinto-Neto AM. The effect of soy dietary supplement and low dose of hormone therapy on main cardiovascular health biomarkers: a randomized controlled trial. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2014; 36:251–258.
Article
7. Goodman-Gruen D, Kritz-Silverstein D. Usual dietary isoflavone intake is associated with cardiovascular disease risk factors in postmenopausal women. J Nutr. 2001; 131:1202–1206.
Article
8. Nagata C, Takatsuka N, Kurisu Y, Shimizu H. Decreased serum total cholesterol concentration is associated with high intake of soy products in Japanese men and women. J Nutr. 1998; 128:209–213.
Article
9. Zhang X, Shu XO, Gao YT, Yang G, Li Q, Li H, Jin F, Zheng W. Soy food consumption is associated with lower risk of coronary heart disease in Chinese women. J Nutr. 2003; 133:2874–2878.
Article
10. Guo Y, Wu G, Su X, Yang H, Zhang J. Antiobesity action of a daidzein derivative on male obese mice induced by a high-fat diet. Nutr Res. 2009; 29:656–663.
Article
11. Velasquez MT, Bhathena SJ. Role of dietary soy protein in obesity. Int J Med Sci. 2007; 4:72–82.
Article
12. Oldewage-Theron W, Egal A. The effect of consumption of soy foods on the blood lipid profile of women: a pilot study from Qwa-Qwa. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2013; 59:431–436.
Article
13. Taku K, Umegaki K, Sato Y, Taki Y, Endoh K, Watanabe S. Soy isoflavones lower serum total and LDL cholesterol in humans: a meta-analysis of 11 randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007; 85:1148–1156.
Article
14. Reynolds K, Chin A, Lees KA, Nguyen A, Bujnowski D, He J. A meta-analysis of the effect of soy protein supplementation on serum lipids. Am J Cardiol. 2006; 98:633–640.
Article
15. Yazdekhasti N, Zaitun Y, Norhaizan ME, Najafpour Boushehri S. Effects of roasted soy-nut supplementation on lipid profile of Iranian postmenopausal women. Middle East J Sci Res. 2011; 8:816–822.
16. Reinwald S, Akabas SR, Weaver CM. Whole versus the piecemeal approach to evaluating soy. J Nutr. 2010; 140:2335S–2343S.
Article
17. Sanchez-Muniz FJ, Maki KC, Schaefer EJ, Ordovas JM. Serum lipid and antioxidant responses in hypercholesterolemic men and women receiving plant sterol esters vary by apolipoprotein E genotype. J Nutr. 2009; 139:13–19.
Article
18. Mendivil CO, Rimm EB, Furtado J, Sacks FM. Apolipoprotein E in VLDL and LDL with apolipoprotein C-III is associated with a lower risk of coronary heart disease. J Am Heart Assoc. 2013; 2:e000130.
Article
19. Morbois-Trabut L, Chabrolle C, Garrigue MA, Lasfargues G, Lecomte P. Apolipoprotein E genotype and plasma lipid levels in Caucasian diabetic patients. Diabetes Metab. 2006; 32:270–275.
Article
20. Ivanovski B, Seetharaman K, Duizer LM. Development of soy-based bread with acceptable sensory properties. J Food Sci. 2012; 77:S71–S76.
Article
21. Fleiss JL. The design and analysis of clinical experiments. New York (NY): Wiley;1986.
22. Onuegbu AJ, Olisekodiaka JM, Onibon MO, Adesiyan AA, Igbeneghu CA. Consumption of soymilk lowers atherogenic lipid fraction in healthy individuals. J Med Food. 2011; 14:257–260.
Article
23. Mahan LK, Escott-Stump S, Raymond JL. Krause's food and the nutrition care process. 13th ed. St. Louis (Mo): Elsevier/Saunders;2012.
24. Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 1972; 18:499–502.
Article
25. Calero O, Hortigüela R, Bullido MJ, Calero M. Apolipoprotein E genotyping method by real time PCR, a fast and cost-effective alternative to the TaqMan and FRET assays. J Neurosci Methods. 2009; 183:238–240.
Article
26. Bakhtiari A, Yassin Z, Hanachi P, Rahmat A, Ahmad Z, Sajadi P, Shojaei S. Effects of Soy on Body Composition: A 12-Week Randomized Controlled Trial among Iranian Elderly Women with Metabolic Syndrome. Iran J Public Health. 2012; 41:9–18.
27. Davis J, Higginbotham A, O'Connor T, Moustaid-Moussa N, Tebbe A, Kim YC, Cho KW, Shay N, Adler S, Peterson R, Banz W. Soy protein and isoflavones influence adiposity and development of metabolic syndrome in the obese male ZDF rat. Ann Nutr Metab. 2007; 51:42–52.
Article
28. Cheik NC, Rossi EA, Guerra RL, Tenório NM, Oller do Nascimento CM, Viana FP, Manzoni MS, Carlos IZ, Leão da Silva P, Vendramini RC, Dâmaso AR. Effects of a ferment soy product on the adipocyte area reduction and dyslipidemia control in hypercholesterolemic adult male rats. Lipids Health Dis. 2008; 7:50.
Article
29. Frigolet ME, Torres N, Uribe-Figueroa L, Rangel C, Jimenez-Sanchez G, Tovar AR. White adipose tissue genome wide-expression profiling and adipocyte metabolic functions after soy protein consumption in rats. J Nutr Biochem. 2011; 22:118–129.
Article
30. Torre-Villalvazo I, Gonzalez F, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Tovar AR, Torres N. Dietary soy protein reduces cardiac lipid accumulation and the ceramide concentration in high-fat diet-fed rats and ob/ob mice. J Nutr. 2009; 139:2237–2243.
Article
31. Liao FH, Shieh MJ, Yang SC, Lin SH, Chien YW. Effectiveness of a soy-based compared with a traditional low-calorie diet on weight loss and lipid levels in overweight adults. Nutrition. 2007; 23:551–556.
Article
32. Deibert P, König D, Schmidt-Trucksaess A, Zaenker KS, Frey I, Landmann U, Berg A. Weight loss without losing muscle mass in pre-obese and obese subjects induced by a high-soy-protein diet. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004; 28:1349–1352.
Article
33. Crespillo A, Alonso M, Vida M, Pavón FJ, Serrano A, Rivera P, Romero-Zerbo Y, Fernández-Llebrez P, Martínez A, Pérez-Valero V, Bermúdez-Silva FJ, Suárez J, de Fonseca FR. Reduction of body weight, liver steatosis and expression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 by the isoflavone daidzein in diet-induced obesity. Br J Pharmacol. 2011; 164:1899–1915.
Article
34. St-Onge MP, Claps N, Wolper C, Heymsfield SB. Supplementation with soy-protein-rich foods does not enhance weight loss. J Am Diet Assoc. 2007; 107:500–505.
Article
35. Azadbakht L, Nurbakhsh S. Effect of soy drink replacement in a weight reducing diet on anthropometric values and blood pressure among overweight and obese female youths. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2011; 20:383–389.
36. Simão AN, Lozovoy MA, Bahls LD, Morimoto HK, Simão TN, Matsuo T, Dichi I. Blood pressure decrease with ingestion of a soya product (kinako) or fish oil in women with the metabolic syndrome: role of adiponectin and nitric oxide. Br J Nutr. 2012; 108:1435–1442.
Article
37. Bakhtiary A, Yassin Z, Hanachi P, Rahmat A, Ahmad Z, Jalali F. Effects of soy on metabolic biomarkers of cardiovascular disease in elderly women with metabolic syndrome. Arch Iran Med. 2012; 15:462–468.
38. Simão AN, Lozovoy MA, Simão TN, Dichi JB, Matsuo T, Dichi I. Nitric oxide enhancement and blood pressure decrease in patients with metabolic syndrome using soy protein or fish oil. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2010; 54:540–545.
Article
39. De Leo F, Panarese S, Gallerani R, Ceci LR. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides: production and implementation of functional food. Curr Pharm Des. 2009; 15:3622–3643.
Article
40. Egert S, Boesch-Saadatmandi C, Wolffram S, Rimbach G, Müller MJ. Serum lipid and blood pressure responses to quercetin vary in overweight patients by apolipoprotein E genotype. J Nutr. 2010; 140:278–284.
Article
41. Petkeviciene J, Smalinskiene A, Luksiene DI, Jureniene K, Ramazauskiene V, Klumbiene J, Lesauskaite V. Associations between apolipoprotein E genotype, diet, body mass index, and serum lipids in Lithuanian adult population. PLoS One. 2012; 7:e41525.
Article
42. Kuhel DG, Konaniah ES, Basford JE, McVey C, Goodin CT, Chatterjee TK, Weintraub NL, Hui DY. Apolipoprotein E2 accentuates postprandial inflammation and diet-induced obesity to promote hyperinsulinemia in mice. Diabetes. 2013; 62:382–391.
Article
43. Liu ZM, Ho SC, Chen YM, Ho YP. The effects of isoflavones combined with soy protein on lipid profiles, C-reactive protein and cardiovascular risk among postmenopausal Chinese women. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2012; 22:712–719.
Article
44. Campbell SC, Khalil DA, Payton ME, Arjmandi BH. One-year soy protein supplementation does not improve lipid profile in postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2010; 17:587–593.
Article
45. Takatsuka N, Nagata C, Kurisu Y, Inaba S, Kawakami N, Shimizu H. Hypocholesterolemic effect of soymilk supplementation with usual diet in premenopausal normolipidemic Japanese women. Prev Med. 2000; 31:308–314.
Article
46. Gaddi A, Ciarrocchi A, Matteucci A, Rimondi S, Ravaglia G, Descovich GC, Sirtori CR. Dietary treatment for familial hypercholesterolemia--differential effects of dietary soy protein according to the apolipoprotein E phenotypes. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991; 53:1191–1196.
Article
47. Torres N, Guevara-Cruz M, Granados J, Vargas-Alarcón G, González-Palacios B, Ramos-Barragan VE, Quiroz-Olguín G, Flores-Islas IM, Tovar AR. Reduction of serum lipids by soy protein and soluble fiber is not associated with the ABCG5/G8, apolipoprotein E, and apolipoprotein A1 polymorphisms in a group of hyperlipidemic Mexican subjects. Nutr Res. 2009; 29:728–735.
Article
Full Text Links
  • CNR
Actions
Cited
CITED
export Copy
Close
Share
  • Twitter
  • Facebook
Similar articles
Copyright © 2024 by Korean Association of Medical Journal Editors. All rights reserved.     E-mail: koreamed@kamje.or.kr