Korean J Ophthalmol.  2016 Jun;30(3):163-171. 10.3341/kjo.2016.30.3.163.

Angiogenin for the Diagnosis and Grading of Dry Eye Syndrome

Affiliations
  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. jck50ey@daum.net

Abstract

PURPOSE
To investigate the properties of angiogenin (ANG) as a potential tool for the diagnosis and grading of dry eye syndrome (DES) by analyzing tear protein profiles.
METHODS
Tear samples were collected with capillary tubes from 52 DES patients and 29 normal individuals as controls. Tear protein profiles were analyzed with an immunodot blot assay as a screening test. To confirm that the tear ANG levels were in inverse proportion to the disease severity grade, the ANG and lactoferrin (LF) tear contents of normal controls and DES patients were compared in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
RESULTS
In the immunodot blot assay, the ANG area was lower in patients with grades 3 and 4 DES than in normal controls. The areas of basic fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor β2, and interleukin 10 were significantly greater than those of normal controls only in grade 4 DES patients, but these proteins were not linearly correlated with dry eye severity. Upon enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis, the mean concentrations of ANG and LF decreased significantly as dry eye severity increased, except between grades 1 and 2. In addition, the ratios of ANG and LF to total tear proteins were correlated significantly with DES severity.
CONCLUSIONS
ANG level was significantly lower in DES patients than in normal controls, and was significantly correlated with the worsening severity of DES, except between grades 1 and 2, as was LF. Therefore, ANG may be a useful measure of DES severity through proteomic analysis.

Keyword

Angiogenin; Dry eye syndrome; Lactoferrin; Tear

MeSH Terms

Adult
Aged
Angiogenesis Inducing Agents/pharmacology
Dry Eye Syndromes/*diagnosis/metabolism
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Immunoblotting
Male
Middle Aged
Proteomics/methods
Ribonuclease, Pancreatic/*pharmacology
Severity of Illness Index
Tears/chemistry
Young Adult
Angiogenesis Inducing Agents
Ribonuclease, Pancreatic

Figure

  • Fig. 1 Immunodot blot assay of tear proteins in dry eye syndrome (DES) patients and normal participants as controls. (A) The relative amount of angiogenin tended to decrease as the DES grade increased. The densities of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β2, and interleukin (IL)-10 increased remarkably only in grade 4 DES patients compared to normal controls. (B) Custom Human Cytokines Antibody Array Map. pos = positive; neg = negative; SDF-1α = stromal cell derived factor-1alpha; VEGF = vascular endothelial growth factor.

  • Fig. 2 The relative density, presented as the average amount of each cytokine expressed in each dry eye syndrome (DES) severity grade group relative to that in the normal control group. (A-C) The areas of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) (A), interleukin (IL)-10 (B), and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β2 (C) were significantly greater than those of normal controls only in grade 4 DES patients. (D) There was no significant difference of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α expression according to the grades of DES. (E) The areas of angiogenin in DES grade 3 and 4 patients were significantly lower than those of normal controls and DES patients of grades 1 and 2 (*p < 0.05).

  • Fig. 3 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis of (A) angiogenin (ANG) and (B) lactoferrin (LF) in dry eye syndrome (DES) patients (classified according to grade) and normal controls. The percentage concentrations of ANG and LF relative to total tear proteins were measured. Statistically significant correlations between DES severity and the percentage concentrations of both ANG (A) and LF (B) were noted. The group-to-group differences of ANF and LF also were statistically significant, except between DES grades 1 and 2 (*p < 0.05).

  • Fig. 4 Scatter plot showing the correlation between angiogenin (ANG) and lactoferrin (LF) in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis. In the correlation analysis, the percentage concentrations of ANG and LF relative to total proteins were significantly correlated with the dry eye syndrome grade (r = 0.661, p < 0.001).


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